题目
共用题干
Intelligence:a Changed View 1. Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity,some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements.Its value therefore,was as a predic-tor of children's future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious.Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age;and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education. 2. Today,we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years,research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence it-self. There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on a-chievement and intelligence.Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates. 3 .There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelli- gence and observed intelligence.Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, whereas we can measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimu-lation has been received from the environment. Researches have been investigation what happens in this interaction. 4. Two major findings have emerged from these researches.Firstly,the greater part of the devel-opment of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life.It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly,the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child re- lationship.Much of the difference in measured intelligence between“privileged”and“disadvan- taged”children may be due to the latter's lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences. 5. These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelli- gence.Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind,we now see it as a set of developed skills which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and, indeed,one of them is learning how to learn. 6 .The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system.In one respect a change is already occurring.With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes,fewer children will be given the label “low IQ”which must inevitably condemn a child in his own,if not society's eyes.The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is ac-cepted by more and more people.
paragraph 4______
A: Main results of recent researches
B: Popular doubt about the new view
C: Effect of environment on intelligence
D: Intelligence and achievement
E: Impact on school education
F: A changed view of intelligence
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共用题干
Every Dog Has His Say
Kimiko Fukuda always wondered what her dog was trying to say.Whenever she put on make-up,it would pull at her sleeve.______(46)When the dog barks,she glances at a small elec-tronic gadget（装置）.The following" human" translation appears on its screen; "Please take me with you.""I realized that's how he was feeling."says Fukuda.
The gadget is called Bowlingual,and it translates dog barks into feelings.People laughed when the Japanese toymaker Takara Company made the world's first dog-human translation ma-chine in 2002 .But 300,000 Japanese dog owners bought it.______(47)
"Nobody else had thought about it."said Masahiko Kajita,who works for Takara."We spend so much time training dogs to understand our orders;what would it be like if we could understand dogs?"
Bowlingual has two parts.______(48)The translation is done in the gadget using a data-base containing every kind of bark.
Based on animal behavior research,these noises are divided into six categories:happiness, sadness,frustration,anger,declaration and desire.______(49)In this way,the database scien-tifically matches a bark to an emotion,which is then translated into one of 200 phrases.
When a visitor went to Fukuda's house recently,the dog barked a loud"wow wow".______(50)It was followed by"I'm stronger than you"as the dog growled and sniffed（嗅）at the visitor. The product will be available in US pet stores this summer for about US$120.It can store up to 100 barks,even recording the dog's emotions when the owner is away.
______(46)
A: A wireless microphone is attached to the dog's collar,which sends information to the gadget held by the owner.
B: Nobody really knows how a dog feels.
C: This translated as"Don't come this way".
D: More customers are expected when the English version is launched this summer.
E: Now,the Japanese girl thinks she knows.
F: Each one of these emotions is then linked to a phrase like"Let's play","Look at me",or "Spend more time with me".
Every Dog Has His Say
Kimiko Fukuda always wondered what her dog was trying to say.Whenever she put on make-up,it would pull at her sleeve.______(46)When the dog barks,she glances at a small elec-tronic gadget（装置）.The following" human" translation appears on its screen; "Please take me with you.""I realized that's how he was feeling."says Fukuda.
The gadget is called Bowlingual,and it translates dog barks into feelings.People laughed when the Japanese toymaker Takara Company made the world's first dog-human translation ma-chine in 2002 .But 300,000 Japanese dog owners bought it.______(47)
"Nobody else had thought about it."said Masahiko Kajita,who works for Takara."We spend so much time training dogs to understand our orders;what would it be like if we could understand dogs?"
Bowlingual has two parts.______(48)The translation is done in the gadget using a data-base containing every kind of bark.
Based on animal behavior research,these noises are divided into six categories:happiness, sadness,frustration,anger,declaration and desire.______(49)In this way,the database scien-tifically matches a bark to an emotion,which is then translated into one of 200 phrases.
When a visitor went to Fukuda's house recently,the dog barked a loud"wow wow".______(50)It was followed by"I'm stronger than you"as the dog growled and sniffed（嗅）at the visitor. The product will be available in US pet stores this summer for about US$120.It can store up to 100 barks,even recording the dog's emotions when the owner is away.
______(46)
A: A wireless microphone is attached to the dog's collar,which sends information to the gadget held by the owner.
B: Nobody really knows how a dog feels.
C: This translated as"Don't come this way".
D: More customers are expected when the English version is launched this summer.
E: Now,the Japanese girl thinks she knows.
F: Each one of these emotions is then linked to a phrase like"Let's play","Look at me",or "Spend more time with me".
共用题干
Will We Take Vacation in Spaces?
When Mike Kelly first set out to build his own private space-ferry service,he figured his bread-and-butter business would be lofting satellites into high-Earth orbit. Now he thinks he may have figured wrong.“People were always asking me when they could go,”says Kelly,who runs
Kelly Space TechnologT out of San Bernardino,Californi a.“I realized that real market is in space tourism.”
According to preliminary market surveys,there are 10,000 would-be-space-tourists willing to spend $1 million each to visit the final frontier. Space Adventure in Arlington,Virginia,has taken more than 1 30 deposits for a two-hour,$98,000 space tour tentatively(and somewhat dubiously)set to occur by 2005 .Gene Meyers of the Space Island Group says:“Space is the next exotic vacation spot.”
This may all sound great,but there are a few hurdles.Putting a simple satellite into orbit with no oxygen,life support or return trip necessary already costs an astronomical $22,000/kg.
And that doesn't include the cost of insuring rich and possibly litigious passenger. John Pike of the
Federation of American Scientists acerbically suggests that the entire group of entrepreneurs trying to corner the space tourism market have between them“just enough money to blow up one rocket.”The U .S.space agency has plenty of money but zero interest in making space less expensive for the little guys.So the little guys are racing to do what the government has failed to do:design a reusable launch system that's inexpensive,safe and reliable.Kelly Space's prototype looks like a plane that has sprouted rocket engines.Rotary Rocket in Redwood City,California,hasa booster with rotors make a helicopter-style return to Earth;Kistler Aerospace in Kirkland,Wash- ington,is piecing together its versions from old Soviet engines,shuttle-style thermal protection tiles and an elaborate parachute system.The first passenger countdowns are still years away,but bureaucrats at the Federal Aviation Administration in Washington are already informally discussing flight regulations.After all,you can't be too prepared for a trip to that galaxy far,far away.
For those who are intent on joining the 100-mile high club,Hilton and Budget are plotting to build space hotels.Before the Russian space Mir came down,some people were talking about using it as a low-rent space hotel to reduce the cost. If a space hotel is finally built in space,and if you're thinking of staying in it,you may want to check the Michelin ratings before booking yourself a suite.
Mike Kelly planned to turn his business of making bread and butter into a business that is engaged in space tourism.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned
Will We Take Vacation in Spaces?
When Mike Kelly first set out to build his own private space-ferry service,he figured his bread-and-butter business would be lofting satellites into high-Earth orbit. Now he thinks he may have figured wrong.“People were always asking me when they could go,”says Kelly,who runs
Kelly Space TechnologT out of San Bernardino,Californi a.“I realized that real market is in space tourism.”
According to preliminary market surveys,there are 10,000 would-be-space-tourists willing to spend $1 million each to visit the final frontier. Space Adventure in Arlington,Virginia,has taken more than 1 30 deposits for a two-hour,$98,000 space tour tentatively(and somewhat dubiously)set to occur by 2005 .Gene Meyers of the Space Island Group says:“Space is the next exotic vacation spot.”
This may all sound great,but there are a few hurdles.Putting a simple satellite into orbit with no oxygen,life support or return trip necessary already costs an astronomical $22,000/kg.
And that doesn't include the cost of insuring rich and possibly litigious passenger. John Pike of the
Federation of American Scientists acerbically suggests that the entire group of entrepreneurs trying to corner the space tourism market have between them“just enough money to blow up one rocket.”The U .S.space agency has plenty of money but zero interest in making space less expensive for the little guys.So the little guys are racing to do what the government has failed to do:design a reusable launch system that's inexpensive,safe and reliable.Kelly Space's prototype looks like a plane that has sprouted rocket engines.Rotary Rocket in Redwood City,California,hasa booster with rotors make a helicopter-style return to Earth;Kistler Aerospace in Kirkland,Wash- ington,is piecing together its versions from old Soviet engines,shuttle-style thermal protection tiles and an elaborate parachute system.The first passenger countdowns are still years away,but bureaucrats at the Federal Aviation Administration in Washington are already informally discussing flight regulations.After all,you can't be too prepared for a trip to that galaxy far,far away.
For those who are intent on joining the 100-mile high club,Hilton and Budget are plotting to build space hotels.Before the Russian space Mir came down,some people were talking about using it as a low-rent space hotel to reduce the cost. If a space hotel is finally built in space,and if you're thinking of staying in it,you may want to check the Michelin ratings before booking yourself a suite.
Mike Kelly planned to turn his business of making bread and butter into a business that is engaged in space tourism.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned
共用题干
Giant Structures
It is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modern world since every year more______(1)constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our admiration______(2)they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders.
The Petronas Twin Towers
The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999.______(3)a height of 452 metres,the tall twin towers,like two thin pencils,dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41st floor,the towers are______(4)by a bridge,symbolizing a gateway to the city. The American architect Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers.
Constructed of high-strength concrete,the building______(5)around 1,800 square metres of office space on every floor. And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base.Other______(6)of this impressive building include double-decker lifts,and glass and steel sunshades.
The Millau Bridge
The Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tarn Valley,in southern France. At the ______(7)it was built,it was the world,5 highest bridge,______(8)over 340m at the highest point. The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the world. It was built to ________ (9) Millau's congestion（拥堵）problems. The congestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to with-stand the______(10) extreme seismic（地震的）and climatic conditions. Besides , it is guar- anteed for 120 years!
The Itaipu Dam
The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the world.
It______(11)of a series of dams across the River Parana,______(12)forms a natural border between Brazil and Paraguay. Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the construction was carried out as a joint project between the two______(13).The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size. In 1995 it produced 78% of Paraguay's and 25% Of Brazil's______(14)needs. In its construction,the amount of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers.It is a______(15)amazing wonder of engineering.
10._________
A: much
B: more
C: less
D: most
Giant Structures
It is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modern world since every year more______(1)constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our admiration______(2)they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders.
The Petronas Twin Towers
The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999.______(3)a height of 452 metres,the tall twin towers,like two thin pencils,dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41st floor,the towers are______(4)by a bridge,symbolizing a gateway to the city. The American architect Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers.
Constructed of high-strength concrete,the building______(5)around 1,800 square metres of office space on every floor. And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base.Other______(6)of this impressive building include double-decker lifts,and glass and steel sunshades.
The Millau Bridge
The Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tarn Valley,in southern France. At the ______(7)it was built,it was the world,5 highest bridge,______(8)over 340m at the highest point. The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the world. It was built to ________ (9) Millau's congestion（拥堵）problems. The congestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to with-stand the______(10) extreme seismic（地震的）and climatic conditions. Besides , it is guar- anteed for 120 years!
The Itaipu Dam
The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the world.
It______(11)of a series of dams across the River Parana,______(12)forms a natural border between Brazil and Paraguay. Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the construction was carried out as a joint project between the two______(13).The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size. In 1995 it produced 78% of Paraguay's and 25% Of Brazil's______(14)needs. In its construction,the amount of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers.It is a______(15)amazing wonder of engineering.
10._________
A: much
B: more
C: less
D: most
共用题干
A Health Profile
A health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your health.To draw your health profile, you will______(51)what diseases run in your family,what health hazards you may be exposed to ______(52)work,how your daily______(53)compares to the recommended standards,how much time per week you______(54)exercising and what type of exercise you engage______(55),how stressful your work and family environments are,what kinds of illnesses you get regularly,and______(56) or not you have any one of a number of addictions.______(57)this portrait,you should have a checkup to determine how your blood,heart,and lungs are functioning.This checkup will serve______(58)a baseline,to which you can then compare later tests.
______(59)this profile is thoroughly drawn,you can begin to think about setting health priorities based______(60)your particular portrait.For example,if you drink two martinis every evening,have a high-stress______(61),are overweight,smoke a pack of cigarettes a day,and use marijuana occasional-ly on weekends,you should quit smoking first,followed______(62)losing the excess weight,reducing the stress of your job,giving up your marijuana habit,and then finally giving some______(63)to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer,and then heart disease.Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life,who is______(64)excellent health,agood look at allhealth habits and at work and home environments may suggest.changes that will______(65)him in the future.
59._________
A:Unless
B:Once
C:If
D:Although
A Health Profile
A health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your health.To draw your health profile, you will______(51)what diseases run in your family,what health hazards you may be exposed to ______(52)work,how your daily______(53)compares to the recommended standards,how much time per week you______(54)exercising and what type of exercise you engage______(55),how stressful your work and family environments are,what kinds of illnesses you get regularly,and______(56) or not you have any one of a number of addictions.______(57)this portrait,you should have a checkup to determine how your blood,heart,and lungs are functioning.This checkup will serve______(58)a baseline,to which you can then compare later tests.
______(59)this profile is thoroughly drawn,you can begin to think about setting health priorities based______(60)your particular portrait.For example,if you drink two martinis every evening,have a high-stress______(61),are overweight,smoke a pack of cigarettes a day,and use marijuana occasional-ly on weekends,you should quit smoking first,followed______(62)losing the excess weight,reducing the stress of your job,giving up your marijuana habit,and then finally giving some______(63)to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer,and then heart disease.Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life,who is______(64)excellent health,agood look at allhealth habits and at work and home environments may suggest.changes that will______(65)him in the future.
59._________
A:Unless
B:Once
C:If
D:Although
共用题干
Eastern Quakes Can Trigger Big Shakes
In the first week of November 2011,people in central Oklahoma experienced more than two dozen earthquakes. The largest,a magnitude 5 .6 quake,shook thousands of fans in a college football stadium,caused cracks in a few buildings and rattled the nerves of many people who had never felt a quake before. Oklahoma is not an area of the country famous for its quakes. If you watch the news on TV,you see reports about all sorts of natural disasters一 hurricanes,tornadoes,flooding and wildfires,to name a few. But the most dangerous type of natural disaster,and also the most unpredictable,is the earthquake.
Researchers at the U. S. Geological Survey estimate that several million earthquakes rattie the globe each year. That may sound scary,but people don't feel many of the tremors because they happen in remote and unpopulated regions.Many quakes happen under the ocean, and others have a very small magnitude,or shaking intensity.
A magnitude 5.8 earthquake that struck central Virginia the afternoon of August 23, 2011,was felt from central Georgia to southeastern Canada. In many urban areas,including Washington,D.C.,and New York City(Wall Street shown),people crowded the streets while engineers inspected buildings.
Scientists know about small,remote quakes only because of very sensitive electronic devices called seismometers.These devices detect and measure the size of ground vibrations
produced by earthquakes.Altogether,USGS researchers use seismometers to identify and locate about 20,000 earthquakes each year.
Although earthquakes can happen anywhere in the world,really big quakes occur only in certain areas. The largest ones register a magnitude 8 or higher and happen,on average,only once each year. Such big ones typically occur along the edges of Earth's tectonic plates.
Tectonic plates are huge pieces of Earth's crust,sometimes many kilometers thick. These plates cover our planet's surface like a jigsaw puzzle. Often,jagged edges of these plates temporarily lock together. When plates jostle and scrape past each other,earthquakes occur. On average,tectonic plates move very slowly一about the same speed as your fingernails grow.
But sometimes earthquakes rumble through portions of the landscape far from a plate's edges. Although less expected,these”mid-plate” tremors can do substantial damage. Some of the biggest known examples rattled the eastern half of the United States two centuries ago. Today,scientists are still puzzling over why the quakes occurred and when similar ones might occur.
Seismometers can identify and locate most of the earthquakes in China.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned
Eastern Quakes Can Trigger Big Shakes
In the first week of November 2011,people in central Oklahoma experienced more than two dozen earthquakes. The largest,a magnitude 5 .6 quake,shook thousands of fans in a college football stadium,caused cracks in a few buildings and rattled the nerves of many people who had never felt a quake before. Oklahoma is not an area of the country famous for its quakes. If you watch the news on TV,you see reports about all sorts of natural disasters一 hurricanes,tornadoes,flooding and wildfires,to name a few. But the most dangerous type of natural disaster,and also the most unpredictable,is the earthquake.
Researchers at the U. S. Geological Survey estimate that several million earthquakes rattie the globe each year. That may sound scary,but people don't feel many of the tremors because they happen in remote and unpopulated regions.Many quakes happen under the ocean, and others have a very small magnitude,or shaking intensity.
A magnitude 5.8 earthquake that struck central Virginia the afternoon of August 23, 2011,was felt from central Georgia to southeastern Canada. In many urban areas,including Washington,D.C.,and New York City(Wall Street shown),people crowded the streets while engineers inspected buildings.
Scientists know about small,remote quakes only because of very sensitive electronic devices called seismometers.These devices detect and measure the size of ground vibrations
produced by earthquakes.Altogether,USGS researchers use seismometers to identify and locate about 20,000 earthquakes each year.
Although earthquakes can happen anywhere in the world,really big quakes occur only in certain areas. The largest ones register a magnitude 8 or higher and happen,on average,only once each year. Such big ones typically occur along the edges of Earth's tectonic plates.
Tectonic plates are huge pieces of Earth's crust,sometimes many kilometers thick. These plates cover our planet's surface like a jigsaw puzzle. Often,jagged edges of these plates temporarily lock together. When plates jostle and scrape past each other,earthquakes occur. On average,tectonic plates move very slowly一about the same speed as your fingernails grow.
But sometimes earthquakes rumble through portions of the landscape far from a plate's edges. Although less expected,these”mid-plate” tremors can do substantial damage. Some of the biggest known examples rattled the eastern half of the United States two centuries ago. Today,scientists are still puzzling over why the quakes occurred and when similar ones might occur.
Seismometers can identify and locate most of the earthquakes in China.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned