共用题干
Robotic Highway Cones
A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels.These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way,or into______(51),from computer commands made miles away. They can even be programmed to move on their own at any particular part of the day,said Shane Farritor,an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.
For example,if workers arrived at 6 am,the cones could move from the side of the highway to______(52)off the lane at that time.And they can return to the______(53)place at the end of the day."It just seems like a very good application for robots."Farritor said."The robot-ic cones would also help______(54)people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place,"Farritor said in a report on his creation.
Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant. The______ (55)allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard.
The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are______(56)enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides."It would look exactly the same,"Farritor said."______(57)there's a kind of rubbery,black base to them. We replace that ______(58)a robot."
Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most______(59)to what they might need.
The robots could come in handy following a slow-moving maintenance operation,like paint-ing a stripe on a road or moving asphalt,______(60)now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation______(61)."That way you don't have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation,"Farritor said.
______(62)prototypes have been made,they are not in use anywhere. Farritor said he has______(63)for a patent and is considering what to do next. He is thinking about starting a small business. He is also thinking about______(64)the robots to roads departments and others across the country who may______(65)from them.
65._________
A: benefit
B: protect
C: learn
D: inspire
Robotic Highway Cones
A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels.These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way,or into______(51),from computer commands made miles away. They can even be programmed to move on their own at any particular part of the day,said Shane Farritor,an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.
For example,if workers arrived at 6 am,the cones could move from the side of the highway to______(52)off the lane at that time.And they can return to the______(53)place at the end of the day."It just seems like a very good application for robots."Farritor said."The robot-ic cones would also help______(54)people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place,"Farritor said in a report on his creation.
Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant. The______ (55)allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard.
The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are______(56)enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides."It would look exactly the same,"Farritor said."______(57)there's a kind of rubbery,black base to them. We replace that ______(58)a robot."
Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most______(59)to what they might need.
The robots could come in handy following a slow-moving maintenance operation,like paint-ing a stripe on a road or moving asphalt,______(60)now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation______(61)."That way you don't have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation,"Farritor said.
______(62)prototypes have been made,they are not in use anywhere. Farritor said he has______(63)for a patent and is considering what to do next. He is thinking about starting a small business. He is also thinking about______(64)the robots to roads departments and others across the country who may______(65)from them.
65._________
A: benefit
B: protect
C: learn
D: inspire
共用题干
The Interpersonal Skills of Children without Siblings
Many parents may think that each new sibling（兄弟姐妹）offers their children the gift of companionship.But while we tend to think that siblings teach one another conflict resolution and other 、interpersonal skills,new research says they are no better off socially than children without siblings.
"Most studies look at the negative consequences of having siblings in terms of educational outcome,"said Donna Bobbitt-Zeher,lead author of Good for Nothing?Number of Siblings and Friendship Nominations Among Adolescents."But we decided to look at social skills to see if there was any other possible benefit to having brothers or sisters."She and her co-author,Douglas Downey are sociologists at Ohio State's Marion campus,and neither is an only child.They presented their findings at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association in August.
The paper is in large part a reply to a previous study,Playing Well With Others in Kindergarten:The Benefits of Siblings at Home,also co-authored by Dr. Downey,which found that kindergarten teachers rated children without siblings worse in interpersonal skills,self-control and problem behaviors.
But an only child isn't necessarily a loner and misfit.First,the social advantages found in children with siblings in the kindergarten study were quite modest. Second,the study relied on teacher evaluations,and teachers may not be reliable judges of friendships among their charges.
And now it seems that any benefits documented in kindergarten disappear altogether by middle school. Using a metric called"peer nomination（提名）",Dr. Downey and Dr. Bobbitt Zeher found that children without siblings had just as many friends as children with siblings.
"I see the two studies as a natural progression,showing what happens to the only children who didn't have much interaction before kindergarten,"Dr. Downey said.Another study he is working on shows that the same only children evaluated in kindergarten had caught up by fifth grade.
While the studies don't examine the cause for the disappearing social boost to kindergartners with siblings,Dr. Downey speculates that continuing school,youth clubs and other group activities一especially in an era of overscheduled children一provide sufficient opportunity for onlys to sharpen their skills.
Paragraph 4_______
A:How the study replies to a previous study.
B:Why the benefits documented in kindergarten disappear.
C:Why an only child isn't always a loner and misfit.
D:How these two research are related.
E:The author's speculation on the researches.
F:The focus of this research.
The Interpersonal Skills of Children without Siblings
Many parents may think that each new sibling（兄弟姐妹）offers their children the gift of companionship.But while we tend to think that siblings teach one another conflict resolution and other 、interpersonal skills,new research says they are no better off socially than children without siblings.
"Most studies look at the negative consequences of having siblings in terms of educational outcome,"said Donna Bobbitt-Zeher,lead author of Good for Nothing?Number of Siblings and Friendship Nominations Among Adolescents."But we decided to look at social skills to see if there was any other possible benefit to having brothers or sisters."She and her co-author,Douglas Downey are sociologists at Ohio State's Marion campus,and neither is an only child.They presented their findings at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association in August.
The paper is in large part a reply to a previous study,Playing Well With Others in Kindergarten:The Benefits of Siblings at Home,also co-authored by Dr. Downey,which found that kindergarten teachers rated children without siblings worse in interpersonal skills,self-control and problem behaviors.
But an only child isn't necessarily a loner and misfit.First,the social advantages found in children with siblings in the kindergarten study were quite modest. Second,the study relied on teacher evaluations,and teachers may not be reliable judges of friendships among their charges.
And now it seems that any benefits documented in kindergarten disappear altogether by middle school. Using a metric called"peer nomination（提名）",Dr. Downey and Dr. Bobbitt Zeher found that children without siblings had just as many friends as children with siblings.
"I see the two studies as a natural progression,showing what happens to the only children who didn't have much interaction before kindergarten,"Dr. Downey said.Another study he is working on shows that the same only children evaluated in kindergarten had caught up by fifth grade.
While the studies don't examine the cause for the disappearing social boost to kindergartners with siblings,Dr. Downey speculates that continuing school,youth clubs and other group activities一especially in an era of overscheduled children一provide sufficient opportunity for onlys to sharpen their skills.
Paragraph 4_______
A:How the study replies to a previous study.
B:Why the benefits documented in kindergarten disappear.
C:Why an only child isn't always a loner and misfit.
D:How these two research are related.
E:The author's speculation on the researches.
F:The focus of this research.
共用题干
Messages from the Media
1. The weather forecast,a story about the candidates in an election,and movie reviews are exam-ples of messages from the media. A communication medium , of which the plural（复数的）form is
media,is a means of communicating a message .Examples of media are television,radio,news-pa-pers and books and the telephone.The media that can reach many people at once are called mass media.
2. It is not difficult to think of other messages we receive through the mass media.Every day we get hundreds of them.Think about advertisements,for example.We see and hear these messages almost everywhere we go .Advertisements are important messages,even though they are sometimes annoying .They help us compare and evaluate products.
3. Most of us get more information from the media than from the classroom.Think for a moment, about how you learn about local news and events.Do you depend on other people or the media?
What about international news?What is the most important source of information for you?People who are asked this question usually answer,"Television".
4. Think of all the messages you received today.Perhaps you read a newspaper during breakfast, or maybe you read advertisements on billboards（露天广告牌）on your way to school. Did you u1sten to a weather forecast or the sports news on the radio this morning?Right now you are getting information through a very important medium of mass communication a book.
5. We use the information we get from radio,television,newspapers,and other media to make decisions and form opinions.That is why the mass media are so important.Editorials and articles in newspapers help us decide how to vote,consumer reports on television help us decide how to spend our money,and international news on the radio makes us think and form opinions about question of war and peace.
Paragraph 3______
A: Importance of Classroom Learning.
B: Television A Rich Source of Information.
C: Advertisements as important Messages from the Mass Media.
D: Various Messages One May Receive Each Day.
E: Media Means to Communicate Messages.
F: Importance of the Mass Media.
Messages from the Media
1. The weather forecast,a story about the candidates in an election,and movie reviews are exam-ples of messages from the media. A communication medium , of which the plural（复数的）form is
media,is a means of communicating a message .Examples of media are television,radio,news-pa-pers and books and the telephone.The media that can reach many people at once are called mass media.
2. It is not difficult to think of other messages we receive through the mass media.Every day we get hundreds of them.Think about advertisements,for example.We see and hear these messages almost everywhere we go .Advertisements are important messages,even though they are sometimes annoying .They help us compare and evaluate products.
3. Most of us get more information from the media than from the classroom.Think for a moment, about how you learn about local news and events.Do you depend on other people or the media?
What about international news?What is the most important source of information for you?People who are asked this question usually answer,"Television".
4. Think of all the messages you received today.Perhaps you read a newspaper during breakfast, or maybe you read advertisements on billboards（露天广告牌）on your way to school. Did you u1sten to a weather forecast or the sports news on the radio this morning?Right now you are getting information through a very important medium of mass communication a book.
5. We use the information we get from radio,television,newspapers,and other media to make decisions and form opinions.That is why the mass media are so important.Editorials and articles in newspapers help us decide how to vote,consumer reports on television help us decide how to spend our money,and international news on the radio makes us think and form opinions about question of war and peace.
Paragraph 3______
A: Importance of Classroom Learning.
B: Television A Rich Source of Information.
C: Advertisements as important Messages from the Mass Media.
D: Various Messages One May Receive Each Day.
E: Media Means to Communicate Messages.
F: Importance of the Mass Media.
共用题干
Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out
Your cell phone holds secrets about you.Besides the names and _____________(51)that you've pro-
grammed into it,traces of your DNA linger on the device,according to a new study.
DNA is genetic material that______________(52)in every cell.Like your fingerprint,your DNA is unique
to you一 _____________（53)you have an identical twin.Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood,
saliva,or hair left _____________(54)at the scene of a crime.The results often help detectives identify
_____________(55)and their victims.Your cell phone can reveal more about you _____________(56)you might
think.
Meghan J.McFadden,a scientist at McMaster University in Hamilton,Ontario,heard about a crime in
which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the______________(57).This made her wonder
whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones even when no blood was involved.______________(58)she and
colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New York analyzed the flip-open phones of 10 volun-
teers.They used swabs to collect______________(59)traces of the users from two parts of the phone:the
outside,where the user holds it,and the______________(60),which is placed at the user's ear.
The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly______________(61)alcohol.The aim of
washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA.The owners got their phones______________(62)for
another week.Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once
more.
The scientists discovered DNA that _____________(63)to the phone's speaker on each of the phones.
Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone,but those swabs also picked up DNA that be-
longed to other people who had apparently also handled the phone.______________(64),DNA showed up even
in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed.That suggests that washing won't remove
all traces of evidence from a criminal's device.So cell phones can now be added to the
______________(65)of clues
that can clinch a crime-scene investigation.
_________(54)
A:about
B:in
C:for
D:behind
Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out
Your cell phone holds secrets about you.Besides the names and _____________(51)that you've pro-
grammed into it,traces of your DNA linger on the device,according to a new study.
DNA is genetic material that______________(52)in every cell.Like your fingerprint,your DNA is unique
to you一 _____________（53)you have an identical twin.Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood,
saliva,or hair left _____________(54)at the scene of a crime.The results often help detectives identify
_____________(55)and their victims.Your cell phone can reveal more about you _____________(56)you might
think.
Meghan J.McFadden,a scientist at McMaster University in Hamilton,Ontario,heard about a crime in
which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the______________(57).This made her wonder
whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones even when no blood was involved.______________(58)she and
colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New York analyzed the flip-open phones of 10 volun-
teers.They used swabs to collect______________(59)traces of the users from two parts of the phone:the
outside,where the user holds it,and the______________(60),which is placed at the user's ear.
The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly______________(61)alcohol.The aim of
washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA.The owners got their phones______________(62)for
another week.Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once
more.
The scientists discovered DNA that _____________(63)to the phone's speaker on each of the phones.
Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone,but those swabs also picked up DNA that be-
longed to other people who had apparently also handled the phone.______________(64),DNA showed up even
in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed.That suggests that washing won't remove
all traces of evidence from a criminal's device.So cell phones can now be added to the
______________(65)of clues
that can clinch a crime-scene investigation.
_________(54)
A:about
B:in
C:for
D:behind
共用题干
DVDfor Rent
1.Apay-for-play system for video DVDwill emerge by summer as an alternative,and
possibly a competitor,to the DVDformat currently available.
2.The new system,called Digital Video Express(Divx),operates like a DVDplayer,
except for the specially coded discs.These will cost $5 for initial viewing over a 48-hour
period and can be viewed again for additional fees and even purchased for unlimited
viewing.
3.Divx combines the service of a video rental（出租的）store with the operation of a pay-
per-view TV channel.Unlike a rented videotape,though,the Divx disc needn't be
returned.Customers can retain the disc for replay in the future at an additional fee,or
simply throw it away.
4.Subsequent plays,or the purchase of unlimited-viewing rights,are billed to the customer's
Divx account and charged to a credit card.The player's built-in memory keeps track of all Divx
plays, and sends this information by toll-free phone modem（调制解调器）to the Divx
record-keeping centre.Each Divx disc and player has a unique identification code,so the
system knows which discs have been played and where.
5 Some Divx discs could be converted for unlimited play at a price likely to be lower than
buying a conventional DVD.Others,called Divx Gold,would be sold from the beginning
for unlimited play without further charge.Although conventional DVDs will run in a Divx
player,conventional DVDplayers will lack the decoding and communications ability to play
Divx discs.Divx players will be offered by Panasonic,RCA,and Zenith.
6 About 100 discs will be available initially from Disney, Dreamworks,Paramount,and
Universal, growing to 500 titles within a year. Other film makers have yet to adopt the Divx
system,which is owned by retailer Circuit City,the 350-store electronics chain that
bankrolled（提供资金）its development.
Paragraph 3_________
A:Booming Business of Circuit City
B:Superior Quality of Conventional DVD Discs
C:The New System Called Divx
D:Unlimited Play of Divx Discs
E:Disc-play Tracking and Billing Systems
F:Two Functions Combined
DVDfor Rent
1.Apay-for-play system for video DVDwill emerge by summer as an alternative,and
possibly a competitor,to the DVDformat currently available.
2.The new system,called Digital Video Express(Divx),operates like a DVDplayer,
except for the specially coded discs.These will cost $5 for initial viewing over a 48-hour
period and can be viewed again for additional fees and even purchased for unlimited
viewing.
3.Divx combines the service of a video rental（出租的）store with the operation of a pay-
per-view TV channel.Unlike a rented videotape,though,the Divx disc needn't be
returned.Customers can retain the disc for replay in the future at an additional fee,or
simply throw it away.
4.Subsequent plays,or the purchase of unlimited-viewing rights,are billed to the customer's
Divx account and charged to a credit card.The player's built-in memory keeps track of all Divx
plays, and sends this information by toll-free phone modem（调制解调器）to the Divx
record-keeping centre.Each Divx disc and player has a unique identification code,so the
system knows which discs have been played and where.
5 Some Divx discs could be converted for unlimited play at a price likely to be lower than
buying a conventional DVD.Others,called Divx Gold,would be sold from the beginning
for unlimited play without further charge.Although conventional DVDs will run in a Divx
player,conventional DVDplayers will lack the decoding and communications ability to play
Divx discs.Divx players will be offered by Panasonic,RCA,and Zenith.
6 About 100 discs will be available initially from Disney, Dreamworks,Paramount,and
Universal, growing to 500 titles within a year. Other film makers have yet to adopt the Divx
system,which is owned by retailer Circuit City,the 350-store electronics chain that
bankrolled（提供资金）its development.
Paragraph 3_________
A:Booming Business of Circuit City
B:Superior Quality of Conventional DVD Discs
C:The New System Called Divx
D:Unlimited Play of Divx Discs
E:Disc-play Tracking and Billing Systems
F:Two Functions Combined
共用题干
Thirst for Oil
Worldwide every day,we devour the energy equivalent of about 200 million barrels of oil. Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun. In fact enough energy from the Sun hits the planet's surface each minute to cover our needs for an entire year,we just need to find an efficient way to use it. So far the energy in oil has been cheaper and easier to get at. But as supplies dwindle,this will change,and we will need to cure our addiction to oil.
Burning wood satisfied most energy needs until the steam-driven industrial revolution,when energy-dense coal became the fuel of choice. Coal is still used,mostly in power sta-tions,to cover one quarter of our energy needs,but its use has been declining since we star-ted pumping up oil. Coal is the least efficient,unhealthiest and most environmentally dama-ging fossil fuel,but could make a comeback,as supplies are still plentiful:its reserves are five times larger than oil's.
Today petroleum,a mineral oil obtained from below the surface of the Earth and used to produce petrol,diesel oil and various other chemical substances,provides around 40% of the world's energy needs,mostly fuelling automobiles. The US consumes a quarter of all oil,and generates a similar proportion of greenhouse gas emissions.
The majority of oil comes from the Middle East,which has half of known reserves. But other significant sources include Russia,North America,Norway,Venezuela and the North Sea. Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge could be a major new US source,to reduce reliance on foreign imports.
Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years,though opinions and estimates vary. We could fast reach an energy crisis in the next few decades, when demand exceeds supply. As conventional reserves become more difficult to access,oth-ers such as oil shales and tar sands may be used instead. Petrol could also be obtained from coal.
Since we started using fossil fuels,we have released 400 billion tonnes of carbon,and burning the entire reserves could eventually raise world temperatures by 13℃ .Among other horrors,this would result in the destruction of all rainforests and the melting of all
Arctic ice.
“…we will need to cure our addiction to oil.”Why does the author say so?
A:Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun.
B: Oil supply is increasing all the time.
C: Demand for oil is increasing all the time.
D: Oil supply is decreasing.
Thirst for Oil
Worldwide every day,we devour the energy equivalent of about 200 million barrels of oil. Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun. In fact enough energy from the Sun hits the planet's surface each minute to cover our needs for an entire year,we just need to find an efficient way to use it. So far the energy in oil has been cheaper and easier to get at. But as supplies dwindle,this will change,and we will need to cure our addiction to oil.
Burning wood satisfied most energy needs until the steam-driven industrial revolution,when energy-dense coal became the fuel of choice. Coal is still used,mostly in power sta-tions,to cover one quarter of our energy needs,but its use has been declining since we star-ted pumping up oil. Coal is the least efficient,unhealthiest and most environmentally dama-ging fossil fuel,but could make a comeback,as supplies are still plentiful:its reserves are five times larger than oil's.
Today petroleum,a mineral oil obtained from below the surface of the Earth and used to produce petrol,diesel oil and various other chemical substances,provides around 40% of the world's energy needs,mostly fuelling automobiles. The US consumes a quarter of all oil,and generates a similar proportion of greenhouse gas emissions.
The majority of oil comes from the Middle East,which has half of known reserves. But other significant sources include Russia,North America,Norway,Venezuela and the North Sea. Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge could be a major new US source,to reduce reliance on foreign imports.
Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years,though opinions and estimates vary. We could fast reach an energy crisis in the next few decades, when demand exceeds supply. As conventional reserves become more difficult to access,oth-ers such as oil shales and tar sands may be used instead. Petrol could also be obtained from coal.
Since we started using fossil fuels,we have released 400 billion tonnes of carbon,and burning the entire reserves could eventually raise world temperatures by 13℃ .Among other horrors,this would result in the destruction of all rainforests and the melting of all
Arctic ice.
“…we will need to cure our addiction to oil.”Why does the author say so?
A:Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun.
B: Oil supply is increasing all the time.
C: Demand for oil is increasing all the time.
D: Oil supply is decreasing.
共用题干
Few Facts about Singapore
1. Singapore is an independent city state in southeastern Asia,consisting of one major island-the Singapore Island-and more than 50 small islands,located off the southern tip of Malay.The city of Singapore,the capital of the country,is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island;it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia. The total area of the re- public is 640 sp.km.
2. Low lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief（轮廓鲜明的）features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176 m.The country has a wet tropical climate,with an average annual temperature of 27 .20℃．The average annual rainfall is 2,413 mm;the wettest months are November through January.
3. Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959.A president,elected to a four-year term is head of state,and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be selected by Parliament ,but by a 1991 constitutional amendment（修正案）,the president is now elected direct-ly by the people.The Parliament is the law making body with its 81 members popularly elected.
4. In the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students.The main institutions of higher education are the National
University of Singapore,several technical colleges,and a teachers college.
5. Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia. In the late 1980s the gross domestic product was estimated at$23 .7 billion,or$8,870 per person.The fishing industry is centered on the port of southwestern Singapore Island.Industry has grown rapidly since the 1 960s , and Singapore now produces a diversity（多样化的）of goods , including chemicals ,electronic items,clothing,and processed foods,etc.Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important.
Paragranh 5______
A: Education.
B: Land and climate.
C: State system.
D: Natural resources.
E: Economy of singapore.
F: Population.
Few Facts about Singapore
1. Singapore is an independent city state in southeastern Asia,consisting of one major island-the Singapore Island-and more than 50 small islands,located off the southern tip of Malay.The city of Singapore,the capital of the country,is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island;it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia. The total area of the re- public is 640 sp.km.
2. Low lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief（轮廓鲜明的）features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176 m.The country has a wet tropical climate,with an average annual temperature of 27 .20℃．The average annual rainfall is 2,413 mm;the wettest months are November through January.
3. Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959.A president,elected to a four-year term is head of state,and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be selected by Parliament ,but by a 1991 constitutional amendment（修正案）,the president is now elected direct-ly by the people.The Parliament is the law making body with its 81 members popularly elected.
4. In the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students.The main institutions of higher education are the National
University of Singapore,several technical colleges,and a teachers college.
5. Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia. In the late 1980s the gross domestic product was estimated at$23 .7 billion,or$8,870 per person.The fishing industry is centered on the port of southwestern Singapore Island.Industry has grown rapidly since the 1 960s , and Singapore now produces a diversity（多样化的）of goods , including chemicals ,electronic items,clothing,and processed foods,etc.Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important.
Paragranh 5______
A: Education.
B: Land and climate.
C: State system.
D: Natural resources.
E: Economy of singapore.
F: Population.
共用题干
Rockets in the Sky
If someone asked you,"What color is the sky?"I expect that you would answer,"Blue."I am afraid that you would be wrong.The sky has no color.When we see blue,we are looking at blue sunlight.The sunlight is shining on little bits of dust in the air.
We know that there is air all around the world.We could not breathe without air.Airplanes could not fly without air.They need air to lift their wings.Airplanes cannot fly very high because as they go higher the air gets thinner.If we go far enough away from the earth,we find there is no air.
What is the sky?The sky is space.In this space there is nothing except the sun,the moon and all the stars. Scientists have always wanted to know more about the other worlds in the space.They have looked at them through telescopes and in this way they have found out a great deal.The moon is about 384 ,000 kilometers away from the earth.An airplane cann't fly to the moon but there is a thing that can fly even when there is no air. This is rocket.
I am sure that you are asking,"How does a rocket fly?"If you want to know,get a balloon and then blow it up until it is quite big.Do not tie up the neck of the balloon.Let go!The balloon will fly off through the air very quickly.The air inside the balloon tries to get out.It rushes out through the neck of the balloon and this pushes the balloon through the air.It does not need wings like an airplane.
This is how a rocket works.It is not made of rubber（橡胶）like a balloon,of course.It is made of metal. The metal must not be heavy but it must be very strong.There is gas inside the rocket which is made very hot. When it rushes out of the end of the rocket,the rocket is pushed up into the air.
Rockets can fly far out into space.Rockets with men inside them have already reached the moon.Several rockets,without men inside them,have been sent to other worlds much farther away.One day rockets may be able to go anywhere in the space.
When an airplane flies too high,______.
A:the air will be too thin to support its wings
B:the air will become thicker
C:the air will exert pressure on it
D:the air will disappear in no time
Rockets in the Sky
If someone asked you,"What color is the sky?"I expect that you would answer,"Blue."I am afraid that you would be wrong.The sky has no color.When we see blue,we are looking at blue sunlight.The sunlight is shining on little bits of dust in the air.
We know that there is air all around the world.We could not breathe without air.Airplanes could not fly without air.They need air to lift their wings.Airplanes cannot fly very high because as they go higher the air gets thinner.If we go far enough away from the earth,we find there is no air.
What is the sky?The sky is space.In this space there is nothing except the sun,the moon and all the stars. Scientists have always wanted to know more about the other worlds in the space.They have looked at them through telescopes and in this way they have found out a great deal.The moon is about 384 ,000 kilometers away from the earth.An airplane cann't fly to the moon but there is a thing that can fly even when there is no air. This is rocket.
I am sure that you are asking,"How does a rocket fly?"If you want to know,get a balloon and then blow it up until it is quite big.Do not tie up the neck of the balloon.Let go!The balloon will fly off through the air very quickly.The air inside the balloon tries to get out.It rushes out through the neck of the balloon and this pushes the balloon through the air.It does not need wings like an airplane.
This is how a rocket works.It is not made of rubber（橡胶）like a balloon,of course.It is made of metal. The metal must not be heavy but it must be very strong.There is gas inside the rocket which is made very hot. When it rushes out of the end of the rocket,the rocket is pushed up into the air.
Rockets can fly far out into space.Rockets with men inside them have already reached the moon.Several rockets,without men inside them,have been sent to other worlds much farther away.One day rockets may be able to go anywhere in the space.
When an airplane flies too high,______.
A:the air will be too thin to support its wings
B:the air will become thicker
C:the air will exert pressure on it
D:the air will disappear in no time
共用题干
Avalanche and Its Safety
An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow,often mixed with air and water,down a mountainside.
Avalanches are _________(51)the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.
All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material,typically snowpack,that is too massive and un-
stable for the slope. __________(52)supports it.Determining the critical load,the amount of over-burden
which is
______ (53)to cause an avalanche,_________(54)a complex task involving the evaluation
of a number of factors.
Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low________(55)
of avalanche.Snow does not ________ (56)significantly on steep slopes;also,snow does not
__________(57)easily on flat slopes.Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the
snow'S angle of rest is_________(58)35 and 45 degrees;the critical angle,the angle at which the human
incidence of avalanches is greatest,is 38 degrees.The rule of thumb is:A slope that is_________(59)
enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche,regardless of the an-
gle.Additionally,avalanche risk increases with__________(60);that is,the more a slope is disturbed by
skiers,the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.
Due to the complexity of the subject,winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe.Good
avalanche safety is a continuous__________(61),including route selection and examination of the
snowpack,weather___________(62),and human factors.Several well-known good habits can also
__________ (63)the risk.If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports,they should be considered and all
warnings should be paid__________(64)to.Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evalua-
tions;snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made.Observe the terrain and note
obvious avalanche paths where plants are_________(65)or damaged.Avoid traveling below others who
might trigger an avalanche.
_________(52)
A:when
B:that
C:who
D:whose
Avalanche and Its Safety
An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow,often mixed with air and water,down a mountainside.
Avalanches are _________(51)the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.
All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material,typically snowpack,that is too massive and un-
stable for the slope. __________(52)supports it.Determining the critical load,the amount of over-burden
which is
______ (53)to cause an avalanche,_________(54)a complex task involving the evaluation
of a number of factors.
Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low________(55)
of avalanche.Snow does not ________ (56)significantly on steep slopes;also,snow does not
__________(57)easily on flat slopes.Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the
snow'S angle of rest is_________(58)35 and 45 degrees;the critical angle,the angle at which the human
incidence of avalanches is greatest,is 38 degrees.The rule of thumb is:A slope that is_________(59)
enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche,regardless of the an-
gle.Additionally,avalanche risk increases with__________(60);that is,the more a slope is disturbed by
skiers,the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.
Due to the complexity of the subject,winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe.Good
avalanche safety is a continuous__________(61),including route selection and examination of the
snowpack,weather___________(62),and human factors.Several well-known good habits can also
__________ (63)the risk.If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports,they should be considered and all
warnings should be paid__________(64)to.Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evalua-
tions;snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made.Observe the terrain and note
obvious avalanche paths where plants are_________(65)or damaged.Avoid traveling below others who
might trigger an avalanche.
_________(52)
A:when
B:that
C:who
D:whose
Most people findrejectionhard to accept.
A: excuse
B: client
C:destiny
D: refusal
A: excuse
B: client
C:destiny
D: refusal
The price of food fluctuates according to the weather.
A:jumps
B:rises
C:falls
D:changes
A:jumps
B:rises
C:falls
D:changes
Our correspondent Carl from South Africa will give us a brief introduction of their presidential election.
A:reporter
B:representative
C:writer
D:interpreter
A:reporter
B:representative
C:writer
D:interpreter
共用题干
Animal's"Sixth Sense"
A tsunami（海啸）was triggered（引发）by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean in
December,2004.It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa.Wild
animals,_________(1),seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami.This
phenomenon adds weight to notions that they possess a"sixth sense"for_________(2),
experts said.
Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people
along the Indian Ocean island's coast clearly_________(3)wild beasts,with no dead
animals found.
"No elephants are dead,not_________(4)a dead rabbit.I think animals can
_________(5)disaster.They have a sixth sense.They know when things are
happening,"H.
D. Ratnayake,deputy director of Sri Lanka's Wildlife Department,said
about one month after the tsunami attack.The_________(6)washed floodwaters up to
2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged（被毁坏的）southeast, Sri Lanka's
biggest wildlife_________(7)and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several
leopards（豹）.
"There has been_________(8)apparent evidence about dogs barking or birds
migrating before volcanic eruptions（火山爆发）or earthquakes. But it has not been
proven,"said Matthew van Lierop,an animal behavior_________(9)at Johannesburg
Zoo.
"There have been no_________(10)studies because you can't really test it in a
lab or field setting , " he told Reuters. Other authorities concurred（同意）with this
_________(11).
"Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain_________(12),especially birds…
there are many reports of birds detecting impending（迫近的）disasters , " said Clive
Walker,who has written several books on African wildlife.
Animals_________(13)rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to
avoid danger such as predators（食肉动物）.
The notion of an animal"sixth sense”一or_________(14)other mythical power一
is an enduring one which the evidence on Sri Lanka's ravaged（荒凉的）coast is likely to
add_________(15).
_________(1)
A:therefore
B:however
C:although
D:whatever
Animal's"Sixth Sense"
A tsunami（海啸）was triggered（引发）by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean in
December,2004.It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa.Wild
animals,_________(1),seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami.This
phenomenon adds weight to notions that they possess a"sixth sense"for_________(2),
experts said.
Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people
along the Indian Ocean island's coast clearly_________(3)wild beasts,with no dead
animals found.
"No elephants are dead,not_________(4)a dead rabbit.I think animals can
_________(5)disaster.They have a sixth sense.They know when things are
happening,"H.
D. Ratnayake,deputy director of Sri Lanka's Wildlife Department,said
about one month after the tsunami attack.The_________(6)washed floodwaters up to
2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged（被毁坏的）southeast, Sri Lanka's
biggest wildlife_________(7)and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several
leopards（豹）.
"There has been_________(8)apparent evidence about dogs barking or birds
migrating before volcanic eruptions（火山爆发）or earthquakes. But it has not been
proven,"said Matthew van Lierop,an animal behavior_________(9)at Johannesburg
Zoo.
"There have been no_________(10)studies because you can't really test it in a
lab or field setting , " he told Reuters. Other authorities concurred（同意）with this
_________(11).
"Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain_________(12),especially birds…
there are many reports of birds detecting impending（迫近的）disasters , " said Clive
Walker,who has written several books on African wildlife.
Animals_________(13)rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to
avoid danger such as predators（食肉动物）.
The notion of an animal"sixth sense”一or_________(14)other mythical power一
is an enduring one which the evidence on Sri Lanka's ravaged（荒凉的）coast is likely to
add_________(15).
_________(1)
A:therefore
B:however
C:although
D:whatever
共用题干
Giant Structures
It is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modern world since every year more______(1)constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our admiration______(2)they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders.
The Petronas Twin Towers
The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999.______(3)a height of 452 metres,the tall twin towers,like two thin pencils,dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41st floor,the towers are______(4)by a bridge,symbolizing a gateway to the city. The American architect Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers.
Constructed of high-strength concrete,the building______(5)around 1,800 square metres of office space on every floor. And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base.Other______(6)of this impressive building include double-decker lifts,and glass and steel sunshades.
The Millau Bridge
The Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tarn Valley,in southern France. At the ______(7)it was built,it was the world,5 highest bridge,______(8)over 340m at the highest point. The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the world. It was built to ________ (9) Millau's congestion（拥堵）problems. The congestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to with-stand the______(10) extreme seismic（地震的）and climatic conditions. Besides , it is guar- anteed for 120 years!
The Itaipu Dam
The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the world.
It______(11)of a series of dams across the River Parana,______(12)forms a natural border between Brazil and Paraguay. Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the construction was carried out as a joint project between the two______(13).The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size. In 1995 it produced 78% of Paraguay's and 25% Of Brazil's______(14)needs. In its construction,the amount of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers.It is a______(15)amazing wonder of engineering.
4._________
A: designed
B: located
C: built
D: linked
Giant Structures
It is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modern world since every year more______(1)constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our admiration______(2)they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders.
The Petronas Twin Towers
The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999.______(3)a height of 452 metres,the tall twin towers,like two thin pencils,dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41st floor,the towers are______(4)by a bridge,symbolizing a gateway to the city. The American architect Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers.
Constructed of high-strength concrete,the building______(5)around 1,800 square metres of office space on every floor. And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base.Other______(6)of this impressive building include double-decker lifts,and glass and steel sunshades.
The Millau Bridge
The Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tarn Valley,in southern France. At the ______(7)it was built,it was the world,5 highest bridge,______(8)over 340m at the highest point. The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the world. It was built to ________ (9) Millau's congestion（拥堵）problems. The congestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to with-stand the______(10) extreme seismic（地震的）and climatic conditions. Besides , it is guar- anteed for 120 years!
The Itaipu Dam
The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the world.
It______(11)of a series of dams across the River Parana,______(12)forms a natural border between Brazil and Paraguay. Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the construction was carried out as a joint project between the two______(13).The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size. In 1995 it produced 78% of Paraguay's and 25% Of Brazil's______(14)needs. In its construction,the amount of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers.It is a______(15)amazing wonder of engineering.
4._________
A: designed
B: located
C: built
D: linked
共用题干
第三篇
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as " Ecosystem Engineers"
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment
as a result of their activity as"ecosystem engineers"and predators.The study,published in the Journal of
Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment?
Firstly.throuah moving the soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of
nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers
to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by
vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation,said,
"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very ag-
gressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong
influence on their surrounding area."
"In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we
found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of
other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the
grassland food web,"Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and den-
sities of black garden ants and common red ants,both of which can be found across Europe,including the
UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the
local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the op-
posite effect,the predation counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:"What we find is that the impact of ants on soil
nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their
predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem
engineering.
Ants are important components of the ecosystem not only because they constitute a great part of the ani--
mal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these
organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness.However,it is not
clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.Ants are important in
below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their
effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.
What does Paragraph 6 tell us?
A:Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.
B:Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.
C:Ants'predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.
D:At higher density,ants produce a positive influence on an area.
第三篇
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as " Ecosystem Engineers"
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment
as a result of their activity as"ecosystem engineers"and predators.The study,published in the Journal of
Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment?
Firstly.throuah moving the soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of
nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers
to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by
vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation,said,
"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very ag-
gressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong
influence on their surrounding area."
"In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we
found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of
other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the
grassland food web,"Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and den-
sities of black garden ants and common red ants,both of which can be found across Europe,including the
UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the
local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the op-
posite effect,the predation counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:"What we find is that the impact of ants on soil
nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their
predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem
engineering.
Ants are important components of the ecosystem not only because they constitute a great part of the ani--
mal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these
organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness.However,it is not
clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.Ants are important in
below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their
effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.
What does Paragraph 6 tell us?
A:Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.
B:Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.
C:Ants'predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.
D:At higher density,ants produce a positive influence on an area.