共用题干
Late-Night Drinking
Coffee lovers beware.Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep .As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak be-tween 2 am and 4 am,before falling again."It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California.But researchers in Israel have found that caf feinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six vol-unteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of de-caf. On average,subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop offtwice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.
In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample.Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin .The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers .In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body,Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.
The author of this passage probably agrees that______.
A: coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee
B: we should not drink coffee after supper
C: people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 a.m.
D: if we feel sleepy at night,we should go to bed immediately
Late-Night Drinking
Coffee lovers beware.Having a quick"pick-me-up"cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep .As well as being a stimulant,caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin,the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak be-tween 2 am and 4 am,before falling again."It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,"says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California.But researchers in Israel have found that caf feinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six vol-unteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of de-caf. On average,subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee,compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop offtwice as long as usual-and jigged around in bed twice as much.
In the second phase of the experiment,the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample.Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin .The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers .In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine,the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body,Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.
The author of this passage probably agrees that______.
A: coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee
B: we should not drink coffee after supper
C: people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 a.m.
D: if we feel sleepy at night,we should go to bed immediately
共用题干
第一篇
Graphene' s Superstrength
Big technology comes in tiny packages.New ccii phones and personal computers get snialler every year,
which means these electronics require even smaller components on the inside.Engineer; are looking for
creative ways to build these components,and they'ye turned their eyes to graphene,a superthin material,
made of carbon,that could change the future of electronics.
This year's Nobel Prize for Physics has been awarded to Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from the
University of Manchester,U.K.for the discovery of graphene.Graphdne isn't just small;it's "the thinnest
possible material in this world"says Novosclov.iJe calls it a “wonder material".It’s so thin that you would
need to stack about 25,000 sheets just to make a pile as thick as a piece of' ordinary white paper. If you were
to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers,you'ci have no idea because you wouldn't be able to see it.
Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe.Every known kind of life contains carbon.
Graphene is a sheet of earboti,but only one atom thick.You don't have to look far to find graphene一it's
all around you.
If you want this high-tech wonder stuff,all you need is a pencil,paper and a little adhesive tape.Use
the pencil to shade a small area on the paper,and then apply a small piece of adhesive tape over the area.
When you pull up the tape,you'll see that it pulls up a thin layer of some of the shading from your pencil.
That layer is called graphite,one of the softest mninerals in the world.
Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up一there should be an
even thinner layer,this time left on the paper. Now imagine that you do this over and over,until you get the
thinnest possible layer of material on the paper. This layer would he only one atom thick,and you wouldn't
be able to see it. Graphite is made of layers of graphene.So when you get to the thinnest possible layer,
you've found graphene.
What does the writer tell in the lust two paragraphm?
A:An easy way to find graphene.
B:Significance of the discovery of graphenc.
C:Development of high-tech wonders.
D:Possible applications of graphene.
第一篇
Graphene' s Superstrength
Big technology comes in tiny packages.New ccii phones and personal computers get snialler every year,
which means these electronics require even smaller components on the inside.Engineer; are looking for
creative ways to build these components,and they'ye turned their eyes to graphene,a superthin material,
made of carbon,that could change the future of electronics.
This year's Nobel Prize for Physics has been awarded to Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from the
University of Manchester,U.K.for the discovery of graphene.Graphdne isn't just small;it's "the thinnest
possible material in this world"says Novosclov.iJe calls it a “wonder material".It’s so thin that you would
need to stack about 25,000 sheets just to make a pile as thick as a piece of' ordinary white paper. If you were
to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers,you'ci have no idea because you wouldn't be able to see it.
Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe.Every known kind of life contains carbon.
Graphene is a sheet of earboti,but only one atom thick.You don't have to look far to find graphene一it's
all around you.
If you want this high-tech wonder stuff,all you need is a pencil,paper and a little adhesive tape.Use
the pencil to shade a small area on the paper,and then apply a small piece of adhesive tape over the area.
When you pull up the tape,you'll see that it pulls up a thin layer of some of the shading from your pencil.
That layer is called graphite,one of the softest mninerals in the world.
Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up一there should be an
even thinner layer,this time left on the paper. Now imagine that you do this over and over,until you get the
thinnest possible layer of material on the paper. This layer would he only one atom thick,and you wouldn't
be able to see it. Graphite is made of layers of graphene.So when you get to the thinnest possible layer,
you've found graphene.
What does the writer tell in the lust two paragraphm?
A:An easy way to find graphene.
B:Significance of the discovery of graphenc.
C:Development of high-tech wonders.
D:Possible applications of graphene.
共用题干
第一篇
Can Gene Technology Make Human Smarter?
Almost everyone wants to get smarter. To achieve that,some choose to do exercise,others choose to take in more nutritions good for brains.Princeton neurobiologist Joseph Z.Tsien possibly found a different way to make it. In September he announced that he'd built a better mouse by altering a gene that affects learning and memory.A similar process of gene manipulation might conceivably be used one day to boost intelligence in humans.
The key of this technology lies in a feature of brain cells called the NMDA receptor,which Tsien likens to a cylindrical tube or window that mediates the flow of information.When the window is open,chemicals called neurotransmitters flow through easily and memory is registered and stored. But as organisms mature,the window begins to close.(This may explain why children lose their facility for learning new languages when they reach sexual maturity and why some people suffer memory loss as they age.)
Tsien also found out that the receptor worked more efficiently if it is teamed with the gene NR2B,so he introduced extra NR2B genes into a batch of fertilized mouse eggs.In a normal mouse,the memory window is open for just 150-thousandths of a second.In Tsien's specially engineered mice,the window opens for 250-thousandths of a second,long enough to make a remarkable difference in memory retention.When he pitted his mice against common mice,they won paws down.Ordinary mice could recognize a Lego block for 12 hours,but smart mice could remember the block for up to three days."That's a profound enhancement,"Tsien says.
Can this technology be applied to humans?Maybe,but genetic engineering will have to make some extraordinary advances first. And some thorny ethical issues will have to be resolved. Mean-while,Tsien promises to keep his furry little geniuses locked up in a lab,far from your larder. "Otherwise,"he says,"you might need a smart cat or a smart mousetrap to catch them."
Why do some old people are likely to lose their memory?
A:As one's organism mature,the window for memory is likely to close.
B:There is not enough nutrition in their brains.
C:They have remembered too much inftrmation.
D:The cells in their brains are getting too old to store much information.
第一篇
Can Gene Technology Make Human Smarter?
Almost everyone wants to get smarter. To achieve that,some choose to do exercise,others choose to take in more nutritions good for brains.Princeton neurobiologist Joseph Z.Tsien possibly found a different way to make it. In September he announced that he'd built a better mouse by altering a gene that affects learning and memory.A similar process of gene manipulation might conceivably be used one day to boost intelligence in humans.
The key of this technology lies in a feature of brain cells called the NMDA receptor,which Tsien likens to a cylindrical tube or window that mediates the flow of information.When the window is open,chemicals called neurotransmitters flow through easily and memory is registered and stored. But as organisms mature,the window begins to close.(This may explain why children lose their facility for learning new languages when they reach sexual maturity and why some people suffer memory loss as they age.)
Tsien also found out that the receptor worked more efficiently if it is teamed with the gene NR2B,so he introduced extra NR2B genes into a batch of fertilized mouse eggs.In a normal mouse,the memory window is open for just 150-thousandths of a second.In Tsien's specially engineered mice,the window opens for 250-thousandths of a second,long enough to make a remarkable difference in memory retention.When he pitted his mice against common mice,they won paws down.Ordinary mice could recognize a Lego block for 12 hours,but smart mice could remember the block for up to three days."That's a profound enhancement,"Tsien says.
Can this technology be applied to humans?Maybe,but genetic engineering will have to make some extraordinary advances first. And some thorny ethical issues will have to be resolved. Mean-while,Tsien promises to keep his furry little geniuses locked up in a lab,far from your larder. "Otherwise,"he says,"you might need a smart cat or a smart mousetrap to catch them."
Why do some old people are likely to lose their memory?
A:As one's organism mature,the window for memory is likely to close.
B:There is not enough nutrition in their brains.
C:They have remembered too much inftrmation.
D:The cells in their brains are getting too old to store much information.
共用题干
Water一the Issue of This Century
The world is running short of freshwater. Populations are growing bigger and thirstier （渴的）,with the result that freshwater is becoming increasingly scarce（缺乏）.Half the world's wetlands have disappeared during the last century,while estimates suggest that wa- ter use will rise by 50% in the next 30 years.
The World Bank report estimates that as much as half of the world's population,concentrated in Africa,the Middle East and south Asia,will face“severe water shortages”by 2025.Local water conflicts and the loss of freshwater ecosystems appear large in some re- gions.
A similar picture emerges from the globe's salt water regions. Three-quarters of the world's people may live within 100km of the sea in 2025,putting even more pressure on stretched coastal ecosystems. Two thirds of fisheries（渔业）are exploited at or beyond their sustainable limits, and half the world's coral reefs（珊瑚礁）may perish in 100 years. Almost 60% of coral reefs and 34% of fish species are at risk from human activities,the Bank says.
The report concludes that there is ample evidence to justify immediate and coordinated action to safeguard supplies and use water more efficiently.
Fresh water consumption is rising quickly,and the availability of water in some regions is likely to become one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century.
A third of the world's popu1ation一around two billion people一live in countries that are experiencing moderate to high water shortages.That proportion could rise to half or more in the next 30 years unless institutions（制度）change to ensure better conservation and alloca- tion of water.
China is one country where the portents（征兆）are gloomy. The most waterstressed country in East Asia,China is exploiting 44%of its usable water,a figure projected to rise to6O%by 2020.Primary withdrawal of water of more than 60%is widely considered by water experts to exceed the environmental carrying capacity of a river basin system. Although
China's total use appears still to be reasonable,it has several basins that are severely stressed environmentally.
Withdrawals exceed environmental limits in Afghanistan and Pakistan,and will exceed them in India by 2020.In the Middle East and North Africa,only Morocco has unexploited water resources.The rest have exceeded environmental limits and many are mining aquifers （蓄水层）一bodies of water-bearing rock一the report says.
India exceeds environmental limits for water use.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned
Water一the Issue of This Century
The world is running short of freshwater. Populations are growing bigger and thirstier （渴的）,with the result that freshwater is becoming increasingly scarce（缺乏）.Half the world's wetlands have disappeared during the last century,while estimates suggest that wa- ter use will rise by 50% in the next 30 years.
The World Bank report estimates that as much as half of the world's population,concentrated in Africa,the Middle East and south Asia,will face“severe water shortages”by 2025.Local water conflicts and the loss of freshwater ecosystems appear large in some re- gions.
A similar picture emerges from the globe's salt water regions. Three-quarters of the world's people may live within 100km of the sea in 2025,putting even more pressure on stretched coastal ecosystems. Two thirds of fisheries（渔业）are exploited at or beyond their sustainable limits, and half the world's coral reefs（珊瑚礁）may perish in 100 years. Almost 60% of coral reefs and 34% of fish species are at risk from human activities,the Bank says.
The report concludes that there is ample evidence to justify immediate and coordinated action to safeguard supplies and use water more efficiently.
Fresh water consumption is rising quickly,and the availability of water in some regions is likely to become one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century.
A third of the world's popu1ation一around two billion people一live in countries that are experiencing moderate to high water shortages.That proportion could rise to half or more in the next 30 years unless institutions（制度）change to ensure better conservation and alloca- tion of water.
China is one country where the portents（征兆）are gloomy. The most waterstressed country in East Asia,China is exploiting 44%of its usable water,a figure projected to rise to6O%by 2020.Primary withdrawal of water of more than 60%is widely considered by water experts to exceed the environmental carrying capacity of a river basin system. Although
China's total use appears still to be reasonable,it has several basins that are severely stressed environmentally.
Withdrawals exceed environmental limits in Afghanistan and Pakistan,and will exceed them in India by 2020.In the Middle East and North Africa,only Morocco has unexploited water resources.The rest have exceeded environmental limits and many are mining aquifers （蓄水层）一bodies of water-bearing rock一the report says.
India exceeds environmental limits for water use.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned
共用题干
Renewable Energy Sources
Today petroleum（石油）provides around 40% of the world's energy needs, mostly fuelling automobiles .Coal is still used,mostly in power stations,to cover one-quarter of our energy needs, but it is the least efficient, unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossil fuel（矿物燃料）.Natural gas reserves could fill some of the gap from oil,but reserves of that will not last into the 22nd century either. Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years. Less-polluting renewable energy sources offer a more practical long-term energy solution. "Renewable"refers to the fact that these resources are not used faster than they can be replaced.
Hydroelectric（水力发电的）power is now the most common form of renewable energy , supplying around 20% of world electricity.China's Three Gorges Dam is the largest ever. At five times the size of the U. S. 's Hoover Dam,its 26 turbines (涡轮机）will generate the equivalent energy of 18 coal-fired power stations. It will satisfy 3%of China's entire electricity demand.
In 2003,the first commercial power station to use tidal（潮汐的）currents in the open sea opened in Norway. It is designed like windmill（风车）,but others take the form of turbines.
As prices fall,wind power has become the fastest growing type of electricity generation-quadrupling（翻两番）worldwide between 1 999 and 2005 . Modern wind farms consist of turbines that generate electricity. Though it will be more expensive,there is more than enough wind to provide the world's entire energy needs.Wind farms come in onshore and offshore forms. They can often end up at spots of natural beauty,and are often unpopular with residents. And turbines are not totally harmless-they can interfere with radar,alter climate and kill sea birds.Scotland is building Europe's largest wind farm,which will power 200 ,000 homes. The U.K. 's goal is to generate one-fifth of power from renewable sources,mainly wind,by 2020 .But this may cause problems, because wind is unreliable.
According to the passage,resources like wind are______.
A: renewable
B: recyclable
C: damaging
D: scarce
Renewable Energy Sources
Today petroleum（石油）provides around 40% of the world's energy needs, mostly fuelling automobiles .Coal is still used,mostly in power stations,to cover one-quarter of our energy needs, but it is the least efficient, unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossil fuel（矿物燃料）.Natural gas reserves could fill some of the gap from oil,but reserves of that will not last into the 22nd century either. Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years. Less-polluting renewable energy sources offer a more practical long-term energy solution. "Renewable"refers to the fact that these resources are not used faster than they can be replaced.
Hydroelectric（水力发电的）power is now the most common form of renewable energy , supplying around 20% of world electricity.China's Three Gorges Dam is the largest ever. At five times the size of the U. S. 's Hoover Dam,its 26 turbines (涡轮机）will generate the equivalent energy of 18 coal-fired power stations. It will satisfy 3%of China's entire electricity demand.
In 2003,the first commercial power station to use tidal（潮汐的）currents in the open sea opened in Norway. It is designed like windmill（风车）,but others take the form of turbines.
As prices fall,wind power has become the fastest growing type of electricity generation-quadrupling（翻两番）worldwide between 1 999 and 2005 . Modern wind farms consist of turbines that generate electricity. Though it will be more expensive,there is more than enough wind to provide the world's entire energy needs.Wind farms come in onshore and offshore forms. They can often end up at spots of natural beauty,and are often unpopular with residents. And turbines are not totally harmless-they can interfere with radar,alter climate and kill sea birds.Scotland is building Europe's largest wind farm,which will power 200 ,000 homes. The U.K. 's goal is to generate one-fifth of power from renewable sources,mainly wind,by 2020 .But this may cause problems, because wind is unreliable.
According to the passage,resources like wind are______.
A: renewable
B: recyclable
C: damaging
D: scarce
We have to change the public's perception that money is everything.
A: sight
B: belief
C: interest
D: pressure
A: sight
B: belief
C: interest
D: pressure
共用题干
Where Did the Earth's Water Come From?
Earth is located within the"snow line"of the solar system,the region closest to the Sun where H2 0 is primarily in liquid or gaseous form,if at all.______(46)The snow line phenomena is reflected in the water content of planets like Mercury,Venus,and Mars. Water is absent on Mercury.On Venus,H2O only exists as a trace element in the atmosphere.Mars only has a thin veneer of ice in its polar regions.In general,water is rare within the snow line.
Why does Earth have so much water relative to the other inner planets?71%of the surface is covered in the oceans,more than half of which is deeper than 3,000 meters,with an approximate total volume of 1.3 billion cu km.______(47)
There are various theories as to where all the Earth's water came from,but several theories have fared better than the others.______(48)When the Earth was in the process of forming,with a radius just 40%smaller than at present,it would have had enough gravity to hold on to a tenuous atmosphere with water vapor. The first water vapor on the planet would have come from the planet's internals,where volatile(low weight)chemicals would have a tendency to float to the top,and heavy chemicals(iron and nickel)would sink.
Though the first of Earth's water came about through volcanism,this alone probably didn't produce enough to form stable pools on the surface.______(49)Comparing the isotope ratios of water on Earth and water from comets and asteroids has revealed that the majority of the Earth's water comes from asteroids.
Throughout its history,Earth's water has increased in volume due to biological processes. In the early seas of Earth,hydrogen sulfide would have been in great supply,which,when reacted with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis in sulfide-reducing bacteria,would have produced hydrogen,sulfur,and water.______(50)
________（48）
A: More water was added to the planet during several hypothesized large impacts from asteroids from the outer asteroid belt.
B:We know that the oceans existed as early as 100 million years after the formation of the Earth.
C:Still,the oceans only make up 0.023%of the Earth's total mass.
D:Astronomers say Earth s water may have come from space.
E:The snow line is located in the outerasteroid belt,between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
F: Many geologists believe that the majority of Earth's water generated through this process.
Where Did the Earth's Water Come From?
Earth is located within the"snow line"of the solar system,the region closest to the Sun where H2 0 is primarily in liquid or gaseous form,if at all.______(46)The snow line phenomena is reflected in the water content of planets like Mercury,Venus,and Mars. Water is absent on Mercury.On Venus,H2O only exists as a trace element in the atmosphere.Mars only has a thin veneer of ice in its polar regions.In general,water is rare within the snow line.
Why does Earth have so much water relative to the other inner planets?71%of the surface is covered in the oceans,more than half of which is deeper than 3,000 meters,with an approximate total volume of 1.3 billion cu km.______(47)
There are various theories as to where all the Earth's water came from,but several theories have fared better than the others.______(48)When the Earth was in the process of forming,with a radius just 40%smaller than at present,it would have had enough gravity to hold on to a tenuous atmosphere with water vapor. The first water vapor on the planet would have come from the planet's internals,where volatile(low weight)chemicals would have a tendency to float to the top,and heavy chemicals(iron and nickel)would sink.
Though the first of Earth's water came about through volcanism,this alone probably didn't produce enough to form stable pools on the surface.______(49)Comparing the isotope ratios of water on Earth and water from comets and asteroids has revealed that the majority of the Earth's water comes from asteroids.
Throughout its history,Earth's water has increased in volume due to biological processes. In the early seas of Earth,hydrogen sulfide would have been in great supply,which,when reacted with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis in sulfide-reducing bacteria,would have produced hydrogen,sulfur,and water.______(50)
________（48）
A: More water was added to the planet during several hypothesized large impacts from asteroids from the outer asteroid belt.
B:We know that the oceans existed as early as 100 million years after the formation of the Earth.
C:Still,the oceans only make up 0.023%of the Earth's total mass.
D:Astronomers say Earth s water may have come from space.
E:The snow line is located in the outerasteroid belt,between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
F: Many geologists believe that the majority of Earth's water generated through this process.
共用题干
Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It pays to be smart,but we are not all smart in the same way.You may be a talented musician,but youmight not be a good reader.Each of us is different.
Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities.Psychologistshave two different views on intelligence.Some believe there is one general intelligence.Others believe there are many different intelligences.
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.Thesepsychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests.They do well on tests using words,numbers,or pictures.They do well on individual or group tests,and written or oral tests.Those who do poorly on one test,do the same on alltests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence.The brains of intelli-gent people use less energy during problem solving.The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction.Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.
Howard Gardner,a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education,has four children.He believes that all children are different and shouldn't be tested by one intelligence test.Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists,he doesn't think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling.He thinks that the human mind has different intelligences.These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life.Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences.Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology.For example,when one part of the brain is injured,other parts of the brain still work.People who cannot talk because of brain damage can still sing.So,there is not just one intelligence to lose.Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence:linguistic,mathematical,spatial, musical , interpersonal , intrapersonal , body-kinesthetic（身体动觉的）, and naturalistic.
According to Gardner,schools should
A:test students'IQs
B:promote development of all intelligences
C:train students who do poorly on tests
D:focus on finding the most intelligent students
Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It pays to be smart,but we are not all smart in the same way.You may be a talented musician,but youmight not be a good reader.Each of us is different.
Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities.Psychologistshave two different views on intelligence.Some believe there is one general intelligence.Others believe there are many different intelligences.
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.Thesepsychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests.They do well on tests using words,numbers,or pictures.They do well on individual or group tests,and written or oral tests.Those who do poorly on one test,do the same on alltests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence.The brains of intelli-gent people use less energy during problem solving.The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction.Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.
Howard Gardner,a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education,has four children.He believes that all children are different and shouldn't be tested by one intelligence test.Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists,he doesn't think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling.He thinks that the human mind has different intelligences.These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life.Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences.Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology.For example,when one part of the brain is injured,other parts of the brain still work.People who cannot talk because of brain damage can still sing.So,there is not just one intelligence to lose.Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence:linguistic,mathematical,spatial, musical , interpersonal , intrapersonal , body-kinesthetic（身体动觉的）, and naturalistic.
According to Gardner,schools should
A:test students'IQs
B:promote development of all intelligences
C:train students who do poorly on tests
D:focus on finding the most intelligent students
共用题干
Spare a Kidney?
It is no longer unusual for a spouse or relative to donate a kidney to a loved one,but the number of Americans who have given a kidney to a friend,a co-worker or even a complete stranger has risen sharply from 68 in 1994 to 176 in 1998.
There are many reasons.First,it's possible to live a normal life with only one kidney.(The remaining kidney enlarges to make up most of the difference.)In addition a kidney from a live donor lasts longer than a kidney taken from someone who has died suddenly.But the biggest change in the past few years is that transplant surgeons have started using laparoscopic techniques to remove the donor kidney through a much smaller incision,and this can cut recovery time for the donor from six weeks to four weeks.
Just because you do something,however,it doesn't mean you should.Donating a kidney means undergoing an operation that carries some risk.You could argue that you may be helping to save a life,but you certainly can't pretend that you're better off with one kidney instead of two.
So,what are the risks?“As with any major operation,there is a chance of dying,of reoperation due to bleeding,of infection,of vein clots in the legs or a hernia at the incision,”
says Dr.Arthur Matas,director of the renal-transplant program at the university of Minnesota Medical Center in Minneapolis.Even laparoscopy,a relatively new technique for kidney
donation,is not risk-free.Doctors estimate that chances of dying from the procedure are about 3 in 10,000.
There's no money to be made;selling an organ is illegal.But the recipient's insurance normally covers your operation and immediate aftercare.Your costs can include hotel bills, lost pay during recovery or possible future disability.
Although transplant centers must evaluate any potential donor's suitability,it never hurts to have an independent opinion.The most common contraindications are heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure.
Never let anyone,not even a close relative,pressure you into giving up an organno matter if you're healthy.“There's often the feeling that you're not a good friend,father, mother if you don't do this,” says Arthus Caplan, director of the University of Pennsylvania's center for Bioethics.Certain transplant centers will invent a“medical prob- lem”on behalf of those who are reluctant to donate but feel they can't say no.
No one sells organs in the U.S.since it is illegal.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
Spare a Kidney?
It is no longer unusual for a spouse or relative to donate a kidney to a loved one,but the number of Americans who have given a kidney to a friend,a co-worker or even a complete stranger has risen sharply from 68 in 1994 to 176 in 1998.
There are many reasons.First,it's possible to live a normal life with only one kidney.(The remaining kidney enlarges to make up most of the difference.)In addition a kidney from a live donor lasts longer than a kidney taken from someone who has died suddenly.But the biggest change in the past few years is that transplant surgeons have started using laparoscopic techniques to remove the donor kidney through a much smaller incision,and this can cut recovery time for the donor from six weeks to four weeks.
Just because you do something,however,it doesn't mean you should.Donating a kidney means undergoing an operation that carries some risk.You could argue that you may be helping to save a life,but you certainly can't pretend that you're better off with one kidney instead of two.
So,what are the risks?“As with any major operation,there is a chance of dying,of reoperation due to bleeding,of infection,of vein clots in the legs or a hernia at the incision,”
says Dr.Arthur Matas,director of the renal-transplant program at the university of Minnesota Medical Center in Minneapolis.Even laparoscopy,a relatively new technique for kidney
donation,is not risk-free.Doctors estimate that chances of dying from the procedure are about 3 in 10,000.
There's no money to be made;selling an organ is illegal.But the recipient's insurance normally covers your operation and immediate aftercare.Your costs can include hotel bills, lost pay during recovery or possible future disability.
Although transplant centers must evaluate any potential donor's suitability,it never hurts to have an independent opinion.The most common contraindications are heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure.
Never let anyone,not even a close relative,pressure you into giving up an organno matter if you're healthy.“There's often the feeling that you're not a good friend,father, mother if you don't do this,” says Arthus Caplan, director of the University of Pennsylvania's center for Bioethics.Certain transplant centers will invent a“medical prob- lem”on behalf of those who are reluctant to donate but feel they can't say no.
No one sells organs in the U.S.since it is illegal.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
共用题干
Working for Fun and Profit
1.It's a sunny weekend morning. You decide to take a walk.Everything is quite except for a.group of people and some colorful objects you see about three blocks away.As you get closer,you notice that there are many things lying on the ground:some National Geographic magazines,a collection of toy trucks,some weight lifting equipment,two bicycles,and a set of chairs.People are parking cars,getting out,and looking over the objects in the driveway.You consider taking a detour around the group of people,but you are curious.Was there an accident?Is this a party?No!Welcome to your first garage sale!
2.On the same morning,a friend of yours takes a drive.He makes a mistake at an intersection and takes a wrong turn.He passes a large parking lot full of people,not cars.He sees many multicolored objects.At first he thinks it's an art show. Then he decides it's a fair. He parks his car and gets out to explore.He's just arrived at his first flea market.
3.Garage sales and flea market are popular in the United States.Many Americans find that they can make a little extra money and have fun being"weekend entrepreneurs”.They take outgrown clothing,appliances,toys,and books and resell them at garage sales and flea markets.
4.Flea markets are generally open spaces in or out of town that become busy sales centers on weekends.People who want to sell new or used clothing,tools,furniture,or books rent a space for the day for a small amount of money and sell their merchandise.Shoppers from near and far come to get good buys on imported watches,house plants,magazines,microscopes,children's clothes,and handmade goods such as embroidered pillowcases or jewelry.Some shoppers even buy and sell antiques.They search flea markets for special treasures that they can resell in their own stores for lots of money.
5.Garage sales are smaller than flea markets,and the merchandise consists mainly of household items.Dishes,pots and pans,coat hangers,and children's clothing are inexpensive and common at garage sales. People frequently have garage sales before they move and on weekends when the weather is nice.Sometimes several families gather their unwanted household goods and sell them together. More merchandise attracts more customers.
6.Cleaning,organizing,pricing,and moving merchandise is hard work,but the popularity of flea market and garage sales proves that many Americans work for fun!
Sometimes one can even buy something really good and cheap in a flea market.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
Working for Fun and Profit
1.It's a sunny weekend morning. You decide to take a walk.Everything is quite except for a.group of people and some colorful objects you see about three blocks away.As you get closer,you notice that there are many things lying on the ground:some National Geographic magazines,a collection of toy trucks,some weight lifting equipment,two bicycles,and a set of chairs.People are parking cars,getting out,and looking over the objects in the driveway.You consider taking a detour around the group of people,but you are curious.Was there an accident?Is this a party?No!Welcome to your first garage sale!
2.On the same morning,a friend of yours takes a drive.He makes a mistake at an intersection and takes a wrong turn.He passes a large parking lot full of people,not cars.He sees many multicolored objects.At first he thinks it's an art show. Then he decides it's a fair. He parks his car and gets out to explore.He's just arrived at his first flea market.
3.Garage sales and flea market are popular in the United States.Many Americans find that they can make a little extra money and have fun being"weekend entrepreneurs”.They take outgrown clothing,appliances,toys,and books and resell them at garage sales and flea markets.
4.Flea markets are generally open spaces in or out of town that become busy sales centers on weekends.People who want to sell new or used clothing,tools,furniture,or books rent a space for the day for a small amount of money and sell their merchandise.Shoppers from near and far come to get good buys on imported watches,house plants,magazines,microscopes,children's clothes,and handmade goods such as embroidered pillowcases or jewelry.Some shoppers even buy and sell antiques.They search flea markets for special treasures that they can resell in their own stores for lots of money.
5.Garage sales are smaller than flea markets,and the merchandise consists mainly of household items.Dishes,pots and pans,coat hangers,and children's clothing are inexpensive and common at garage sales. People frequently have garage sales before they move and on weekends when the weather is nice.Sometimes several families gather their unwanted household goods and sell them together. More merchandise attracts more customers.
6.Cleaning,organizing,pricing,and moving merchandise is hard work,but the popularity of flea market and garage sales proves that many Americans work for fun!
Sometimes one can even buy something really good and cheap in a flea market.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
Quite a lot of chef insist on ingredients of the best quality.
A:demand
B:rely on
C:prepare for
D:create
A:demand
B:rely on
C:prepare for
D:create
共用题干
Memory Test
1 "I am going to give you five techniques that will enable you to remember anything you
need to know at school,"promised lecturer Ian Robinson to a hundred schoolchildren.He
slapped his hand down on the table."When I've finished in two hours' time,your work will
be far more effective and productive.Anyone not interested, leave now."The entire room
sat still.
2 Robinson calls himself the Mind Magician（魔术师）.He specializes in doing magic tricks
that look totally impossible,and then he reveals that they involve nothing more mysterious
than good old-fashioned trickery（骗术）."I have always been interested in tricks involving
memory-being able to reel off（一口气说出）the order of cards in a pack, that sort of thing,"
he explains.
3 Robinson was already lecturing to schools on his magic techniques when it struck him
that students might find memory techniques even more valuable."It wasn't a difficult area to
move into,as the stuff's all there in books."So he summarized everything to make a two-
hour lecture about five techniques.
4 "You want to learn a list of a hundred things?A thousand?No problem,"says
Robinson.The scandal is that every child is not taught the techniques from the beginning of
their school life.The schoolchildren who were watching him thought it was brilliant."I wish
I'd been told this earlier,"commented Mark,after Robinson had shown them how to
construct"mental journeys".
5 Essentially, you visualize（想象）a walk down a street, or a trip round a room,and pick
the points where you will put the things you want to remember一the lamppost,the fruit bowl.
Then in each location you put a visual representation of your list一phrasal verbs,historical
dates,whatever一making them as strange as possible.It is that simple,and it works.
6 The reaction of schools has been uniformly enthusiastic."The pupils benefited enormously
from lan's presentation,"says Dr Johnston,head of the school where Robinson was
speaking."Ideally we should run a regular class in memory techniques so pupils can pick it
up gradually."
The memory techniques used are no more complex than the old_______.
A:books
B:lecture
C:tricks
D:facts
E:memory
F:list
Memory Test
1 "I am going to give you five techniques that will enable you to remember anything you
need to know at school,"promised lecturer Ian Robinson to a hundred schoolchildren.He
slapped his hand down on the table."When I've finished in two hours' time,your work will
be far more effective and productive.Anyone not interested, leave now."The entire room
sat still.
2 Robinson calls himself the Mind Magician（魔术师）.He specializes in doing magic tricks
that look totally impossible,and then he reveals that they involve nothing more mysterious
than good old-fashioned trickery（骗术）."I have always been interested in tricks involving
memory-being able to reel off（一口气说出）the order of cards in a pack, that sort of thing,"
he explains.
3 Robinson was already lecturing to schools on his magic techniques when it struck him
that students might find memory techniques even more valuable."It wasn't a difficult area to
move into,as the stuff's all there in books."So he summarized everything to make a two-
hour lecture about five techniques.
4 "You want to learn a list of a hundred things?A thousand?No problem,"says
Robinson.The scandal is that every child is not taught the techniques from the beginning of
their school life.The schoolchildren who were watching him thought it was brilliant."I wish
I'd been told this earlier,"commented Mark,after Robinson had shown them how to
construct"mental journeys".
5 Essentially, you visualize（想象）a walk down a street, or a trip round a room,and pick
the points where you will put the things you want to remember一the lamppost,the fruit bowl.
Then in each location you put a visual representation of your list一phrasal verbs,historical
dates,whatever一making them as strange as possible.It is that simple,and it works.
6 The reaction of schools has been uniformly enthusiastic."The pupils benefited enormously
from lan's presentation,"says Dr Johnston,head of the school where Robinson was
speaking."Ideally we should run a regular class in memory techniques so pupils can pick it
up gradually."
The memory techniques used are no more complex than the old_______.
A:books
B:lecture
C:tricks
D:facts
E:memory
F:list
It is postulated that a cure for the disease will have been found by the year 2020.
A:challenged
B:assumed
C:deducted
D:decreed
A:challenged
B:assumed
C:deducted
D:decreed
共用题干
The Exploding Lakes of Cameroon
What comes to mind when you think of a lake?You probably imagine a pretty scene with blue water, birds,and fish.For the people in the northwestern Cameroon,however,the image is very different.For them, lakes may mean terrible disasters.In 1984,poisonous gases exploded out of Lake Monoun and came down into the nearby villages,killing thirty-seven people.Two years later,Lake Nyos erupted.A cloud of gases rolled down the hills and into the valleys and killed 1,700 people.
Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun are crater（火山口）lakes.They were formed when water collected in the craters of old volcanoes.The volcanoes under Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun are not active anymore.However, poisonous gases from the center of the earth continue to flow up through cracks in the bottom of the lake.This is normal in a crater lake.In most crater lakes,these gases are released often because the water"turns over" regularly.That is,the water from the bottom of the lake rises and mixes with the water at the top,allowing the gases to escape slowly.
However,in Lakes Nyos and Monoun,there is no regular turning over.No one knows the reason for this fact,but as a result,these lakes have more gases trapped at the bottom than other crater lakes.In fact, scientists who have studied Lakes Nyos and Monoun have found 16,000 times more gases.When a strong wind,cool weather,a storm,or a landslide（滑坡）causes the water to turn over suddenly,the gases escape in a violent explosion.
In the past,no one knew when the gases might explode,so there was no way for the villagers to escape disaster.Now scientists from the United States,France,and Cameroon have found a way to reduce the gas pressure at the bottom of Lake Nyos.They stood a 672-foot plastic pipe in the middle of the lake,with one end of the pipe near the bottom and the other end in the air.Near the top of the pipe,the team put several holes that could be opened or closed by a computer.Now,when the gas pressure gets too high,the holes are opened and some of the gas-filled water shoots up through the pipe into the air like a fountain.With less pressure,a disastrous explosion is much less likely.However,the scientists are not sure that one pipe will be enough to prevent explosions.They hope to put in others soon and they plan to install a similar pipe and a computer system at Lake Monoun as well.
To protect people nearby until all of the pipes are in place,the scientists have installed early warning systems at both lakes.If the gas pressure rises to a dangerous level,computers will set off loud sirens（警 报）and bright lights to warn the people in the villages.In that way,they will have time to escape from the dangerous gases.
Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun explode because_____.
A:the gases rise to the top and mix with air
B:people from the villages turn over the water
C:scientists have put in a computer system
D:they have more gases trapped at the bottom than other crater lakes
The Exploding Lakes of Cameroon
What comes to mind when you think of a lake?You probably imagine a pretty scene with blue water, birds,and fish.For the people in the northwestern Cameroon,however,the image is very different.For them, lakes may mean terrible disasters.In 1984,poisonous gases exploded out of Lake Monoun and came down into the nearby villages,killing thirty-seven people.Two years later,Lake Nyos erupted.A cloud of gases rolled down the hills and into the valleys and killed 1,700 people.
Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun are crater（火山口）lakes.They were formed when water collected in the craters of old volcanoes.The volcanoes under Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun are not active anymore.However, poisonous gases from the center of the earth continue to flow up through cracks in the bottom of the lake.This is normal in a crater lake.In most crater lakes,these gases are released often because the water"turns over" regularly.That is,the water from the bottom of the lake rises and mixes with the water at the top,allowing the gases to escape slowly.
However,in Lakes Nyos and Monoun,there is no regular turning over.No one knows the reason for this fact,but as a result,these lakes have more gases trapped at the bottom than other crater lakes.In fact, scientists who have studied Lakes Nyos and Monoun have found 16,000 times more gases.When a strong wind,cool weather,a storm,or a landslide（滑坡）causes the water to turn over suddenly,the gases escape in a violent explosion.
In the past,no one knew when the gases might explode,so there was no way for the villagers to escape disaster.Now scientists from the United States,France,and Cameroon have found a way to reduce the gas pressure at the bottom of Lake Nyos.They stood a 672-foot plastic pipe in the middle of the lake,with one end of the pipe near the bottom and the other end in the air.Near the top of the pipe,the team put several holes that could be opened or closed by a computer.Now,when the gas pressure gets too high,the holes are opened and some of the gas-filled water shoots up through the pipe into the air like a fountain.With less pressure,a disastrous explosion is much less likely.However,the scientists are not sure that one pipe will be enough to prevent explosions.They hope to put in others soon and they plan to install a similar pipe and a computer system at Lake Monoun as well.
To protect people nearby until all of the pipes are in place,the scientists have installed early warning systems at both lakes.If the gas pressure rises to a dangerous level,computers will set off loud sirens（警 报）and bright lights to warn the people in the villages.In that way,they will have time to escape from the dangerous gases.
Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun explode because_____.
A:the gases rise to the top and mix with air
B:people from the villages turn over the water
C:scientists have put in a computer system
D:they have more gases trapped at the bottom than other crater lakes
I tried to detach myself from the reality of these terrible events.
A:bring
B:separate
C:put
D:set
A:bring
B:separate
C:put
D:set