共用题干
第二篇
Depression
Although the stigma（耻辱）once associated with mental illness has gradually gone away in recent years,most of the Americans who have clinical depression still don't get treated for it partly because many are too embarrassed to go to a psychologist. In fact,the majority of depressed people who seek professional help turn first not to a psychologist but to their primary care physician.
But do regular doctors really know how to identify depression?A large new scientific review suggests they don't. In a review of 41 previous studies,the authors found that general practitioners make frequent mistakes,missing true cases of depression about half the time and incorrectly diagnosing it in 19%of healthy people.
Alex Mitchell,Amol Vaze and Sanjay Rao of Leicester General Hospital in the U.K. estimate that about 1 in 5 people in developed nations will experience depression in their lifetime.That means that among a general patient population of 100,about 20 will develop the condition,but the typical doctor will find it in only 10 of those who have it. And among the 80 healthy people,the doctor will incorrectly identify depression in 15.
This is significant because depression can make the patient and his or her family weak.Depression also carries an enormous social burden,leading to missed work days,loss of productivity and increases in health-care spending. Further,those misdiagnosed with depression may end up being prescribed medicine that not only costs a lot but can have serious side effects.
The various studies that Mitchell,Vaze and Rao reviewed used different methods to verify whether doctors had missed depression in their patients.Virtually all the studies pointed to the same conclusion:general physicians aren't very good at recognizing the most common mental illness in the world.
Why?One reason is that the typical doctor visit is quite short,usually no longer than 15 minutes.It's hard for patients to open up about their symptoms during that brief period.Doctors should spend more time or schedule follow-up appointments with patients they suspect have depression, which would dramatically increase the rate of accurate diagnoses.
According to the passage,depression can result in________.
A:worse family relationship
B:refusal by the society
C:large medical expense
D:serious side effects
第二篇
Depression
Although the stigma（耻辱）once associated with mental illness has gradually gone away in recent years,most of the Americans who have clinical depression still don't get treated for it partly because many are too embarrassed to go to a psychologist. In fact,the majority of depressed people who seek professional help turn first not to a psychologist but to their primary care physician.
But do regular doctors really know how to identify depression?A large new scientific review suggests they don't. In a review of 41 previous studies,the authors found that general practitioners make frequent mistakes,missing true cases of depression about half the time and incorrectly diagnosing it in 19%of healthy people.
Alex Mitchell,Amol Vaze and Sanjay Rao of Leicester General Hospital in the U.K. estimate that about 1 in 5 people in developed nations will experience depression in their lifetime.That means that among a general patient population of 100,about 20 will develop the condition,but the typical doctor will find it in only 10 of those who have it. And among the 80 healthy people,the doctor will incorrectly identify depression in 15.
This is significant because depression can make the patient and his or her family weak.Depression also carries an enormous social burden,leading to missed work days,loss of productivity and increases in health-care spending. Further,those misdiagnosed with depression may end up being prescribed medicine that not only costs a lot but can have serious side effects.
The various studies that Mitchell,Vaze and Rao reviewed used different methods to verify whether doctors had missed depression in their patients.Virtually all the studies pointed to the same conclusion:general physicians aren't very good at recognizing the most common mental illness in the world.
Why?One reason is that the typical doctor visit is quite short,usually no longer than 15 minutes.It's hard for patients to open up about their symptoms during that brief period.Doctors should spend more time or schedule follow-up appointments with patients they suspect have depression, which would dramatically increase the rate of accurate diagnoses.
According to the passage,depression can result in________.
A:worse family relationship
B:refusal by the society
C:large medical expense
D:serious side effects
共用题干
Are You Getting Enough Sleep?
What happens if you don't get enough sleep? Randy Gardner,a high school student in the United
States,wanted to find out. He designed an experiment on the effects of sleeplessness for a school science
project. With doctors watching him carefully,Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours and 12 minutes.That's
eleven days and nights without sleep!
What effect did sleeplessness have on Gardner? After 24 hours without sleep,Gardner started having
trouble reading and watching television. The words and pictures were too blurry（模糊）.By the third day,
he was having trouble doing things with
his hands. By the fourth day, Gardner was hallucinating（产生幻
觉）.For example,when he saw a street sign,he thought it was a person.He also imagined he was a famous
football player. Over the next few days, Gardner's speech became so slurred（不清楚）that people couldn't
understand him.He also had trouble remembering things.By the eleventh day, Gardner couldn't pass a
counting test.In the middle of the test he simply stopped counting.He couldn't remember what he
was doing.
When Gardner finally went to bed,he slept for 14 hours and 45 minutes.The second night he slept for
twelve hours,the third night he slept for ten and one-half hours,and by the fourth night,he had returned to
his normal sleep schedule.
Even though Gardner recovered quickly,scientists believe that going without sleep can be dangerous.
They say that people should not repeat Randy's experiment. Tests on white rats have shown how serious
sleeplessness can be. After a few weeks without sleep, the rats started losing their fur（皮毛）.And even
though the rats ate more food than usual,they lost weight.Eventually the rats died.
During your lifetime,you will probably spend 25 years or more sleeping.But why?What is the purpose
of sleep? Surprisingly,scientists don't know for sure.Some scientists think we sleep in order to
replenish（补充）brain cells. Other scientists think that sleep helps the body to grow and to relieve stress.
Whatever the reason,we know that it is important to get enough sleep.
Randy Gardner studied the effects of over-sleeping.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
Are You Getting Enough Sleep?
What happens if you don't get enough sleep? Randy Gardner,a high school student in the United
States,wanted to find out. He designed an experiment on the effects of sleeplessness for a school science
project. With doctors watching him carefully,Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours and 12 minutes.That's
eleven days and nights without sleep!
What effect did sleeplessness have on Gardner? After 24 hours without sleep,Gardner started having
trouble reading and watching television. The words and pictures were too blurry（模糊）.By the third day,
he was having trouble doing things with
his hands. By the fourth day, Gardner was hallucinating（产生幻
觉）.For example,when he saw a street sign,he thought it was a person.He also imagined he was a famous
football player. Over the next few days, Gardner's speech became so slurred（不清楚）that people couldn't
understand him.He also had trouble remembering things.By the eleventh day, Gardner couldn't pass a
counting test.In the middle of the test he simply stopped counting.He couldn't remember what he
was doing.
When Gardner finally went to bed,he slept for 14 hours and 45 minutes.The second night he slept for
twelve hours,the third night he slept for ten and one-half hours,and by the fourth night,he had returned to
his normal sleep schedule.
Even though Gardner recovered quickly,scientists believe that going without sleep can be dangerous.
They say that people should not repeat Randy's experiment. Tests on white rats have shown how serious
sleeplessness can be. After a few weeks without sleep, the rats started losing their fur（皮毛）.And even
though the rats ate more food than usual,they lost weight.Eventually the rats died.
During your lifetime,you will probably spend 25 years or more sleeping.But why?What is the purpose
of sleep? Surprisingly,scientists don't know for sure.Some scientists think we sleep in order to
replenish（补充）brain cells. Other scientists think that sleep helps the body to grow and to relieve stress.
Whatever the reason,we know that it is important to get enough sleep.
Randy Gardner studied the effects of over-sleeping.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
共用题干
第一篇
Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking?
Millions of people are using cell phones today.In many places it is actually considered unusual not to
use one.In many countries,cell phones are very popular with young people.They find that the phones are
more than a means of communication一having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected.
The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professionals worried.Some
doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile
phones.In England,there has been a serious debate about this issue.Mobile phone companies are worried
about the negative publicity of such ideas.They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your
health.
On the other hand,why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use
mobile phones?Signs of change in the tissues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning
（扫描）equipment. In one case , a traveling salesman had to, retire at a young age because of serious memory
loss.He couldn't remember even simple tasks.He would often forget the name of his own son.This man
used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day,every day of his working week,for a couple of
years.His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use,but his employer's doctor didn't agree.
What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful?The answer is radiation.High-tech machines
can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones.Mobile phone companies agree that there is
some radiation,but they say the amount is too small to worry about.
As the discussion about their safety continues,it appears that it's best to use mobile phones less often.
Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time.Use your mobile phone only when you really need
it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient,especially in emergencies.In the future,mobile phones
may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health.So for now,it's wise not to use your mobile
phone too often.
On the safety issue of mobile phones,the manufacturing companies______________.
A:deny the existence of mobile phone radiation
B:develop new technology to reduce mobile phone radiation
C:try to prove that mobile phones are not harmful to health
D:hold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry about
第一篇
Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking?
Millions of people are using cell phones today.In many places it is actually considered unusual not to
use one.In many countries,cell phones are very popular with young people.They find that the phones are
more than a means of communication一having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected.
The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professionals worried.Some
doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile
phones.In England,there has been a serious debate about this issue.Mobile phone companies are worried
about the negative publicity of such ideas.They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your
health.
On the other hand,why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use
mobile phones?Signs of change in the tissues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning
（扫描）equipment. In one case , a traveling salesman had to, retire at a young age because of serious memory
loss.He couldn't remember even simple tasks.He would often forget the name of his own son.This man
used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day,every day of his working week,for a couple of
years.His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use,but his employer's doctor didn't agree.
What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful?The answer is radiation.High-tech machines
can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones.Mobile phone companies agree that there is
some radiation,but they say the amount is too small to worry about.
As the discussion about their safety continues,it appears that it's best to use mobile phones less often.
Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time.Use your mobile phone only when you really need
it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient,especially in emergencies.In the future,mobile phones
may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health.So for now,it's wise not to use your mobile
phone too often.
On the safety issue of mobile phones,the manufacturing companies______________.
A:deny the existence of mobile phone radiation
B:develop new technology to reduce mobile phone radiation
C:try to prove that mobile phones are not harmful to health
D:hold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry about
We have never seen such gorgeous hills.
A:beautiful
B:stretching
C:spreading
D:rolling
A:beautiful
B:stretching
C:spreading
D:rolling
共用题干
Drying Ways for Food
1.Centuries ago,man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it,and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind.In this way the North American Indians produce pemmican(dried meat ground into powder and made into cakes),the Scandinavians make stockfish and the Arabs dried dates and"apricot leather".
2.All foods including water,cabbage and other leaf vegetables contain as much as 93%water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%,lean meat 75%and fish,anything from 20%to 60%,depending on how fatty it is.If this water is removed,the activity of the bacteria which causes food to go bad is checked.
3.Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor,Greece,Spain and other Mediterranean countries,and also in California,South Africa and Australia. The methods used vary, but in general,the fruit is spread out on trays in drying yards in the hot sun.In order to prevent darkening,pears,peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes of burning sulfur before drying. Plums,for making prunes, and certain varieties of grapes for making raisins and currants,are dipped in an alkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightly and remove their wax coating,so as to increase the rate of drying.
4.Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically.The conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110℃at entry and to about 43℃at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables,minced meat, and fish.
5.Liquids such as milk,coffee,tea,soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated steel cylinder,by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes.In the first case,the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small,though still relatively coarse flakes.In the second process,it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder. Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables are required,as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed.
6.Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions.For these reasons they are invaluable to the climbers,explorers and soldiers in battle,who have little storage space.They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them.Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried-out moisture with boiling water.
After dehydration,the activity of the bacteria which causes food to go bad is______.
A:speed up dehydration
B:flakes
C:powder
D:controlled
E:increased
F: sun-dried
Drying Ways for Food
1.Centuries ago,man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it,and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind.In this way the North American Indians produce pemmican(dried meat ground into powder and made into cakes),the Scandinavians make stockfish and the Arabs dried dates and"apricot leather".
2.All foods including water,cabbage and other leaf vegetables contain as much as 93%water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%,lean meat 75%and fish,anything from 20%to 60%,depending on how fatty it is.If this water is removed,the activity of the bacteria which causes food to go bad is checked.
3.Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor,Greece,Spain and other Mediterranean countries,and also in California,South Africa and Australia. The methods used vary, but in general,the fruit is spread out on trays in drying yards in the hot sun.In order to prevent darkening,pears,peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes of burning sulfur before drying. Plums,for making prunes, and certain varieties of grapes for making raisins and currants,are dipped in an alkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightly and remove their wax coating,so as to increase the rate of drying.
4.Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically.The conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110℃at entry and to about 43℃at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables,minced meat, and fish.
5.Liquids such as milk,coffee,tea,soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated steel cylinder,by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes.In the first case,the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small,though still relatively coarse flakes.In the second process,it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder. Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables are required,as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed.
6.Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions.For these reasons they are invaluable to the climbers,explorers and soldiers in battle,who have little storage space.They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them.Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried-out moisture with boiling water.
After dehydration,the activity of the bacteria which causes food to go bad is______.
A:speed up dehydration
B:flakes
C:powder
D:controlled
E:increased
F: sun-dried
共用题干
Understanding Autism
1 Autism（孤独症）is a life-long developmental disability that prevents individuals from
properly understanding what they see,hear and other senses.This results in severe
problems of social relationships,communication and behavior. Individuals with autism have
to painstakingly（费力地）learn normal patterns of speech and communication, and
appropriate ways to relate to people,objects and events,in a similar manner to those who
have had a stroke.
2 The cause of autism is still unknown.Some research suggests a physical problem
affecting those parts of the brain that process language and information coming in from the
senses. There may be some imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain. Genetic（遗传的）
factors may sometimes be involved.Autism may indeed result from a combination of several
"causes".
3 Most people with mental retardation（智力迟钝）show relatively even skill development.
Individuals with autism,however,typically show uneven skill development,with deficits（欠
缺）in certain areas一most frequently in their ability to communicate and relate to others一
and distinct skills in other areas.It is important to distinguish autism from mental retardation
or other disorders , since diagnostic（诊断的）confusion may lead to inappropriate and
ineffective treatment techniques.
4 In general,individuals with autism perlorm best at jobs which are structured and involve
a degree of repetition.Some people who have autism are working as artists,piano tuners,
painters,farm workers,office workers,computer operators,dishwashers,assembly line
workers,or employees of sheltered workshops or other sheltered work settings.
Paragraph 3_______
A:What causes autism?
B:How common is autism?
C:Does autism occur together with other disabilities?
D:What is the difference between autism and mental retardation?
E:What is autism?
F:What kinds of jobs can individuals with autism do?
Understanding Autism
1 Autism（孤独症）is a life-long developmental disability that prevents individuals from
properly understanding what they see,hear and other senses.This results in severe
problems of social relationships,communication and behavior. Individuals with autism have
to painstakingly（费力地）learn normal patterns of speech and communication, and
appropriate ways to relate to people,objects and events,in a similar manner to those who
have had a stroke.
2 The cause of autism is still unknown.Some research suggests a physical problem
affecting those parts of the brain that process language and information coming in from the
senses. There may be some imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain. Genetic（遗传的）
factors may sometimes be involved.Autism may indeed result from a combination of several
"causes".
3 Most people with mental retardation（智力迟钝）show relatively even skill development.
Individuals with autism,however,typically show uneven skill development,with deficits（欠
缺）in certain areas一most frequently in their ability to communicate and relate to others一
and distinct skills in other areas.It is important to distinguish autism from mental retardation
or other disorders , since diagnostic（诊断的）confusion may lead to inappropriate and
ineffective treatment techniques.
4 In general,individuals with autism perlorm best at jobs which are structured and involve
a degree of repetition.Some people who have autism are working as artists,piano tuners,
painters,farm workers,office workers,computer operators,dishwashers,assembly line
workers,or employees of sheltered workshops or other sheltered work settings.
Paragraph 3_______
A:What causes autism?
B:How common is autism?
C:Does autism occur together with other disabilities?
D:What is the difference between autism and mental retardation?
E:What is autism?
F:What kinds of jobs can individuals with autism do?
共用题干
The Fridge
1.The fridge is considered a necessity.It has been so since the l960s when packaged food first appeared with the label:"Store in the refrigerator."
2.In my fridgeless fifties childhood,I was fed well and healthily.The milkman came daily,the grocer,the butcher,the baker,and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week.The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food.Thirty years on,food deliveries have ceased,fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.
3.The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation.A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed一natural cooling,drying,smoking,slating, sugaring,bottling…
4.What refrigeration did promote was marketing一marketing hardware and electricity,marketing soft drinks,marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.
5.Consequently,most of the world's fridges are to be found,not in the tropics where they might prove useful,but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary.Every winter,millions of fridges hum away continuously,and at vast expanse,busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially一heated house一while outside,nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.
6.The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident,while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don't believe me,try it yourself. Invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers but at least you'll get ride of that terrible hum.
Paragraph 2_______
A:The invention of the fridge.
B:The pollution caused by fridges.
C:The widespread need for fridge.
D:The days without the fridge.
E:The waste of energy caused by fridges.
F: The fridge's contribution to commerce.
The Fridge
1.The fridge is considered a necessity.It has been so since the l960s when packaged food first appeared with the label:"Store in the refrigerator."
2.In my fridgeless fifties childhood,I was fed well and healthily.The milkman came daily,the grocer,the butcher,the baker,and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week.The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food.Thirty years on,food deliveries have ceased,fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.
3.The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation.A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed一natural cooling,drying,smoking,slating, sugaring,bottling…
4.What refrigeration did promote was marketing一marketing hardware and electricity,marketing soft drinks,marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.
5.Consequently,most of the world's fridges are to be found,not in the tropics where they might prove useful,but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary.Every winter,millions of fridges hum away continuously,and at vast expanse,busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially一heated house一while outside,nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.
6.The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident,while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don't believe me,try it yourself. Invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers but at least you'll get ride of that terrible hum.
Paragraph 2_______
A:The invention of the fridge.
B:The pollution caused by fridges.
C:The widespread need for fridge.
D:The days without the fridge.
E:The waste of energy caused by fridges.
F: The fridge's contribution to commerce.
共用题干
第二篇
Are These Food Safe to Eat?
Traditionally,in plant breeding,there are crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.For example,disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with highyield wheat to combine these properties.This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.
Genetic engineering(GE)makes it possible to exchange genes between unrelated species that cannot exchange genes with each other in a natural way.GE can involve the exchange of genes be-tween vastly different species一e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes.It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene,even when it is in maize DNA,will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin一but what other effects may it have in this alien environment? We have already realized this problem一adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow一but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed,which was entirely out of expectation.
It won't be difficult to find out,for example,that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA一but what side-effect would it have?In other words,is genetically modified(GM)food safe to eat?The answer is that no-body knows because long-term tests have not been carried out.
Those companies who want a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.Monsanto's soya beans were apparently fed to fish for 10 weeks before being approved.There was no requirement for independent testing,for longterm testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
The present opinion of the British Government is that"There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods."In the US,the American Food and Drug Administration is now being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.
Which statement about GM product is true according to the passage?
A:Adding human growth hormone genes to pigs does not make them grow.
B:The American Food and Drug Administration is now doing a research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.
C:The gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA.
D: There has been requirement for independent testing,for long-term testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
第二篇
Are These Food Safe to Eat?
Traditionally,in plant breeding,there are crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.For example,disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with highyield wheat to combine these properties.This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.
Genetic engineering(GE)makes it possible to exchange genes between unrelated species that cannot exchange genes with each other in a natural way.GE can involve the exchange of genes be-tween vastly different species一e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes.It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene,even when it is in maize DNA,will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin一but what other effects may it have in this alien environment? We have already realized this problem一adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow一but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed,which was entirely out of expectation.
It won't be difficult to find out,for example,that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA一but what side-effect would it have?In other words,is genetically modified(GM)food safe to eat?The answer is that no-body knows because long-term tests have not been carried out.
Those companies who want a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.Monsanto's soya beans were apparently fed to fish for 10 weeks before being approved.There was no requirement for independent testing,for longterm testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
The present opinion of the British Government is that"There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods."In the US,the American Food and Drug Administration is now being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.
Which statement about GM product is true according to the passage?
A:Adding human growth hormone genes to pigs does not make them grow.
B:The American Food and Drug Administration is now doing a research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.
C:The gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if it is inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA.
D: There has been requirement for independent testing,for long-term testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
共用题干
Avalanche and Its Safety
An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow,often mixed with air and water,down a mountainside .Avalanches are______(51)the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.
All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material,typically snowpack,that is too massive and unstable for the slope______(52)supports it. Determining the critical load,the amount of over-burden which is______(53)to cause an avalanche，______（54)a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.
Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low ______(55)of avalanche .Snow does not______(56)significantly on steep slopes;also, snow does not______(57)easily on flat slopes.Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow's angle of rest is______(58)35 and 45 degrees;the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest,is 38 degrees.The rule of thumb is:A slope that is______(59)enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche,regardless of the angle.Additionally,avalanche risk increases with ______(60);that is,the more a slope is disturbed by skiers,the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.
Due to the complexity of the subject,winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe .Good avalanche safety is a continuous______(61),including route selection and examination of the snowpack,weather______(62),and human factors.Several well-known good habits can also______(63)the risk .If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports,they should be considered and all warnings should be paid______(64)to.
Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations;snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made .Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are ______(65)or damaged .Avoid travelling below others who might trigger an avalanche.
55._________
A: weight
B: form
C: risk
D:work
Avalanche and Its Safety
An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow,often mixed with air and water,down a mountainside .Avalanches are______(51)the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.
All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material,typically snowpack,that is too massive and unstable for the slope______(52)supports it. Determining the critical load,the amount of over-burden which is______(53)to cause an avalanche，______（54)a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.
Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low ______(55)of avalanche .Snow does not______(56)significantly on steep slopes;also, snow does not______(57)easily on flat slopes.Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow's angle of rest is______(58)35 and 45 degrees;the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest,is 38 degrees.The rule of thumb is:A slope that is______(59)enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche,regardless of the angle.Additionally,avalanche risk increases with ______(60);that is,the more a slope is disturbed by skiers,the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.
Due to the complexity of the subject,winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe .Good avalanche safety is a continuous______(61),including route selection and examination of the snowpack,weather______(62),and human factors.Several well-known good habits can also______(63)the risk .If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports,they should be considered and all warnings should be paid______(64)to.
Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations;snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made .Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are ______(65)or damaged .Avoid travelling below others who might trigger an avalanche.
55._________
A: weight
B: form
C: risk
D:work
共用题干
Domestic Violence
Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their life-
time,according________(51)one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men.
"Many men actually do_________(52)domestic violence,although we don'thear about it often."
Dr. Robert J.Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle,one of the study's authors,told Reuters
Health."They often don't__________(53)and we don't ask.We want to get the message out to men who do
experience domestic violence_________(54)they are not alone and there are resources available to them."
The researchers asked study__________ (55)about physical abuse（人身伤害）and non-physical abuse,
such as_________(56)that made them fear for their safety,controlling behavior,and constant name-calling.
Among men 1 8 to 54 years old,14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner violence in the
past five years,_______(57)6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.
Rates were lower for men 55 and older,with 5.3 percent__________(58)violence in the past five years
and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.__________(59),30.5 percent of men younger
than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been__________(60)of domestic violence at some point
in their lives.About half of the_________(61)the men experienced was physical.
However,the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as that_________(62)by women in a
previous study,20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated__________(63)as severe,compared with 61 per-
cent of women.
Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health__________(64)
than those who had not,_______(65)older men,the researchers found.
_________(53)
A:answer
B:speak
C:talk
D:tell
Domestic Violence
Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their life-
time,according________(51)one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men.
"Many men actually do_________(52)domestic violence,although we don'thear about it often."
Dr. Robert J.Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle,one of the study's authors,told Reuters
Health."They often don't__________(53)and we don't ask.We want to get the message out to men who do
experience domestic violence_________(54)they are not alone and there are resources available to them."
The researchers asked study__________ (55)about physical abuse（人身伤害）and non-physical abuse,
such as_________(56)that made them fear for their safety,controlling behavior,and constant name-calling.
Among men 1 8 to 54 years old,14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner violence in the
past five years,_______(57)6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.
Rates were lower for men 55 and older,with 5.3 percent__________(58)violence in the past five years
and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.__________(59),30.5 percent of men younger
than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been__________(60)of domestic violence at some point
in their lives.About half of the_________(61)the men experienced was physical.
However,the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as that_________(62)by women in a
previous study,20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated__________(63)as severe,compared with 61 per-
cent of women.
Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health__________(64)
than those who had not,_______(65)older men,the researchers found.
_________(53)
A:answer
B:speak
C:talk
D:tell
共用题干
Narrow Escape
We had left the hut too late that morning. When we stepped outside,the sky beyond the mountains to our east was already livid with colour. It meant the day would be a hot one,and the warmth would loosen rocks that were gripped by ice.
As soon as we stepped out on to the face,it became obvious this was going to be an awkward route. The main problem was talus,the debris that collects on mountainsides. Talus is despised by mountaineers for two reasons. First,because it can easily be pushed off on to you by people climbing above. And second,because it makes every step you take insecure.
For about 30 minutes we moved steadily up the face. The rock was in poor condition, shattered horizontally and mazed with cracks. When I tried to haul myself up on a block of it,it would pull out towards me,like a drawer opening. My hands became progressively wetter and colder. Then came a shout.“Cailloux!Cailloux!”I heard yelled from above,in a female voice. The words echoed down towards us. I looked up to see where they had come from.
There were just two rocks at first,leaping and bounding down the face towards us,once cannoning off each other in mid-air. And then the air above suddenly seemed alive with falling rocks,humming through the air and filling it with noise. Crack,went each one as it leapt off the rock face,then hum-hum-hum as it moved through the air,then crack again. The pause between the cracks lengthened each time,as the rocks gained momentum and jumped further and further. I continued to gaze up at the rocks as they fell and skipped towards me. A boy who had been a few years above me at school had taught me never to look up during a rock fall.“Why?Because a rock in your face is far less pleasant than a rock on your helmet,”he told us.“Face in,always face in.”
I heard Toby,my partner on the mountain that day,shouting at me. I looked across. He was safe beneath an overhanging canopy of rock. I could not understand him. Then I felt a thump,and was tugged backwards and round,as though somebody had clamped a heavy hand on my shoulder and turned me to face them. A rock had hit the lid of my rucksack.
I looked up again. A rock was heading down straight towards me. Instinctively,I leant backwards and arched my back out from the rock to try to protect my chest. What about my fingers,though,I thought:they'll be crushed flat if it hits them,and I'll never get down. Then I heard a crack directly in front of me,and a tug at my trousers,and a yell from Toby. “Are you all right?That went straight through you.”The rock had pitched in front of me, and passed through the hoop of my body,between my legs,missing me but snatching at my clothing as it went.
Toby and I had spent the evening talking through the events of the morning:What if the big final stone hadn't leapt sideways,what if I'd been knocked off,would you have held me, would I have pulled you off?A more experienced mountaineer would probably have thought nothing of it.I knew I would not forget it.
Why was it“too late” by the time they left the hut in the morning?
A: It would be uncomfortable climbing in hot weather.
B: The livid colour of the sky would hurt their eyes.
C: Rocks loosened by melting ice could be dangerous.
D: They wouldn't be able to walk on the melting ice.
Narrow Escape
We had left the hut too late that morning. When we stepped outside,the sky beyond the mountains to our east was already livid with colour. It meant the day would be a hot one,and the warmth would loosen rocks that were gripped by ice.
As soon as we stepped out on to the face,it became obvious this was going to be an awkward route. The main problem was talus,the debris that collects on mountainsides. Talus is despised by mountaineers for two reasons. First,because it can easily be pushed off on to you by people climbing above. And second,because it makes every step you take insecure.
For about 30 minutes we moved steadily up the face. The rock was in poor condition, shattered horizontally and mazed with cracks. When I tried to haul myself up on a block of it,it would pull out towards me,like a drawer opening. My hands became progressively wetter and colder. Then came a shout.“Cailloux!Cailloux!”I heard yelled from above,in a female voice. The words echoed down towards us. I looked up to see where they had come from.
There were just two rocks at first,leaping and bounding down the face towards us,once cannoning off each other in mid-air. And then the air above suddenly seemed alive with falling rocks,humming through the air and filling it with noise. Crack,went each one as it leapt off the rock face,then hum-hum-hum as it moved through the air,then crack again. The pause between the cracks lengthened each time,as the rocks gained momentum and jumped further and further. I continued to gaze up at the rocks as they fell and skipped towards me. A boy who had been a few years above me at school had taught me never to look up during a rock fall.“Why?Because a rock in your face is far less pleasant than a rock on your helmet,”he told us.“Face in,always face in.”
I heard Toby,my partner on the mountain that day,shouting at me. I looked across. He was safe beneath an overhanging canopy of rock. I could not understand him. Then I felt a thump,and was tugged backwards and round,as though somebody had clamped a heavy hand on my shoulder and turned me to face them. A rock had hit the lid of my rucksack.
I looked up again. A rock was heading down straight towards me. Instinctively,I leant backwards and arched my back out from the rock to try to protect my chest. What about my fingers,though,I thought:they'll be crushed flat if it hits them,and I'll never get down. Then I heard a crack directly in front of me,and a tug at my trousers,and a yell from Toby. “Are you all right?That went straight through you.”The rock had pitched in front of me, and passed through the hoop of my body,between my legs,missing me but snatching at my clothing as it went.
Toby and I had spent the evening talking through the events of the morning:What if the big final stone hadn't leapt sideways,what if I'd been knocked off,would you have held me, would I have pulled you off?A more experienced mountaineer would probably have thought nothing of it.I knew I would not forget it.
Why was it“too late” by the time they left the hut in the morning?
A: It would be uncomfortable climbing in hot weather.
B: The livid colour of the sky would hurt their eyes.
C: Rocks loosened by melting ice could be dangerous.
D: They wouldn't be able to walk on the melting ice.
Miss Gao is in the classroom at the moment.
A:at once
B:right now
C:now
D:all the time
A:at once
B:right now
C:now
D:all the time
共用题干
第三篇
In the early days of the United States,postal charges were paid by the recipient and charges varied with the distance carried.In 1825,the United States Congress permitted local postmasters to give letters to mail carriers for home delivery,but these carriers received no government salary and their entire compensation depended on what they were paid by the recipients of individual letters.In 1847,the United States Post Office Department adopted the idea of a postage stamp,which of course simplified the payment for postal service but caused grumbling by those who did not like to prepay.
Besides,the stamp covered only delivery to the post office and did not include carrying it to a private address.In Philadelphia,for example,with a population of 150,000,people still had to go to the post office to get their mail.The confusion and congestion of individual citizens looking for their letters was itself enough to discourage use of the mail.It is no wonder that,during the years of these cumbersome arrangements,private letter-carrying and express businesses developed.Although their activities were only semi-legal,they thrived and actually advertised that between Boston and Philadelphia they were half-day speedier than the government mail.The government postal service lost volume to private competition and was not able to handle efficiently even the business it had. Finally,in 1863,Congress provided that the mail carriers who delivered the mail from the post offices to private addresses should receive a government salary,and that there should be no extra charge for that delivery.But this delivery service was at first confined to cities,and free home delivery became a sign of urbanization.In 1890,of the 75 million people in the United States,fewer than 20 million had mail delivered free to their doors.The rest,nearly three quarters of the population,still received no mail unless they went to their post office.
What does the word "cumbersome" mean?
A:Convenient.
B:Efficient.
C:Awkward.
D:Stupid.
第三篇
In the early days of the United States,postal charges were paid by the recipient and charges varied with the distance carried.In 1825,the United States Congress permitted local postmasters to give letters to mail carriers for home delivery,but these carriers received no government salary and their entire compensation depended on what they were paid by the recipients of individual letters.In 1847,the United States Post Office Department adopted the idea of a postage stamp,which of course simplified the payment for postal service but caused grumbling by those who did not like to prepay.
Besides,the stamp covered only delivery to the post office and did not include carrying it to a private address.In Philadelphia,for example,with a population of 150,000,people still had to go to the post office to get their mail.The confusion and congestion of individual citizens looking for their letters was itself enough to discourage use of the mail.It is no wonder that,during the years of these cumbersome arrangements,private letter-carrying and express businesses developed.Although their activities were only semi-legal,they thrived and actually advertised that between Boston and Philadelphia they were half-day speedier than the government mail.The government postal service lost volume to private competition and was not able to handle efficiently even the business it had. Finally,in 1863,Congress provided that the mail carriers who delivered the mail from the post offices to private addresses should receive a government salary,and that there should be no extra charge for that delivery.But this delivery service was at first confined to cities,and free home delivery became a sign of urbanization.In 1890,of the 75 million people in the United States,fewer than 20 million had mail delivered free to their doors.The rest,nearly three quarters of the population,still received no mail unless they went to their post office.
What does the word "cumbersome" mean?
A:Convenient.
B:Efficient.
C:Awkward.
D:Stupid.
共用题干
第二篇
Depression
Although the stigma（耻辱）once associated with mental illness has gradually gone away in recent years,most of the Americans who have clinical depression still don't get treated for it partly because many are too embarrassed to go to a psychologist. In fact,the majority of depressed people who seek professional help turn first not to a psychologist but to their primary care physician.
But do regular doctors really know how to identify depression?A large new scientific review suggests they don't. In a review of 41 previous studies,the authors found that general practitioners make frequent mistakes,missing true cases of depression about half the time and incorrectly diagnosing it in 19%of healthy people.
Alex Mitchell,Amol Vaze and Sanjay Rao of Leicester General Hospital in the U.K. estimate that about 1 in 5 people in developed nations will experience depression in their lifetime.That means that among a general patient population of 100,about 20 will develop the condition,but the typical doctor will find it in only 10 of those who have it. And among the 80 healthy people,the doctor will incorrectly identify depression in 15.
This is significant because depression can make the patient and his or her family weak.Depression also carries an enormous social burden,leading to missed work days,loss of productivity and increases in health-care spending. Further,those misdiagnosed with depression may end up being prescribed medicine that not only costs a lot but can have serious side effects.
The various studies that Mitchell,Vaze and Rao reviewed used different methods to verify whether doctors had missed depression in their patients.Virtually all the studies pointed to the same conclusion:general physicians aren't very good at recognizing the most common mental illness in the world.
Why?One reason is that the typical doctor visit is quite short,usually no longer than 15 minutes.It's hard for patients to open up about their symptoms during that brief period.Doctors should spend more time or schedule follow-up appointments with patients they suspect have depression, which would dramatically increase the rate of accurate diagnoses.
Why do general physicians often fail to recognize depression?
A:The diagnoses are made too hastily.
B:General physicians don't treat their patients seriously.
C:Patients are reluctant to tell their symptoms.
D:General physicians are not patient enough.
第二篇
Depression
Although the stigma（耻辱）once associated with mental illness has gradually gone away in recent years,most of the Americans who have clinical depression still don't get treated for it partly because many are too embarrassed to go to a psychologist. In fact,the majority of depressed people who seek professional help turn first not to a psychologist but to their primary care physician.
But do regular doctors really know how to identify depression?A large new scientific review suggests they don't. In a review of 41 previous studies,the authors found that general practitioners make frequent mistakes,missing true cases of depression about half the time and incorrectly diagnosing it in 19%of healthy people.
Alex Mitchell,Amol Vaze and Sanjay Rao of Leicester General Hospital in the U.K. estimate that about 1 in 5 people in developed nations will experience depression in their lifetime.That means that among a general patient population of 100,about 20 will develop the condition,but the typical doctor will find it in only 10 of those who have it. And among the 80 healthy people,the doctor will incorrectly identify depression in 15.
This is significant because depression can make the patient and his or her family weak.Depression also carries an enormous social burden,leading to missed work days,loss of productivity and increases in health-care spending. Further,those misdiagnosed with depression may end up being prescribed medicine that not only costs a lot but can have serious side effects.
The various studies that Mitchell,Vaze and Rao reviewed used different methods to verify whether doctors had missed depression in their patients.Virtually all the studies pointed to the same conclusion:general physicians aren't very good at recognizing the most common mental illness in the world.
Why?One reason is that the typical doctor visit is quite short,usually no longer than 15 minutes.It's hard for patients to open up about their symptoms during that brief period.Doctors should spend more time or schedule follow-up appointments with patients they suspect have depression, which would dramatically increase the rate of accurate diagnoses.
Why do general physicians often fail to recognize depression?
A:The diagnoses are made too hastily.
B:General physicians don't treat their patients seriously.
C:Patients are reluctant to tell their symptoms.
D:General physicians are not patient enough.
Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early.
A:selected
B: operated
C: developed
D: discovered
A:selected
B: operated
C: developed
D: discovered