共用题干
Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It pays to be smart,but we are not all smart in the same way.You may be a talented musician,but youmight not be a good reader.Each of us is different.
Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities.Psychologistshave two different views on intelligence.Some believe there is one general intelligence.Others believe there are many different intelligences.
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.Thesepsychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests.They do well on tests using words,numbers,or pictures.They do well on individual or group tests,and written or oral tests.Those who do poorly on one test,do the same on alltests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence.The brains of intelli-gent people use less energy during problem solving.The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction.Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.
Howard Gardner,a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education,has four children.He believes that all children are different and shouldn't be tested by one intelligence test.Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists,he doesn't think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling.He thinks that the human mind has different intelligences.These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life.Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences.Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology.For example,when one part of the brain is injured,other parts of the brain still work.People who cannot talk because of brain damage can still sing.So,there is not just one intelligence to lose.Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence:linguistic,mathematical,spatial, musical , interpersonal , intrapersonal , body-kinesthetic（身体动觉的）, and naturalistic.
Gardner thinks that his theory has a______.
A:musical foundation
B:biological foundation
C:intrapersonal foundation
D:linguistic foundation
Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It pays to be smart,but we are not all smart in the same way.You may be a talented musician,but youmight not be a good reader.Each of us is different.
Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities.Psychologistshave two different views on intelligence.Some believe there is one general intelligence.Others believe there are many different intelligences.
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.Thesepsychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests.They do well on tests using words,numbers,or pictures.They do well on individual or group tests,and written or oral tests.Those who do poorly on one test,do the same on alltests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence.The brains of intelli-gent people use less energy during problem solving.The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction.Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.
Howard Gardner,a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education,has four children.He believes that all children are different and shouldn't be tested by one intelligence test.Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists,he doesn't think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling.He thinks that the human mind has different intelligences.These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life.Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences.Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology.For example,when one part of the brain is injured,other parts of the brain still work.People who cannot talk because of brain damage can still sing.So,there is not just one intelligence to lose.Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence:linguistic,mathematical,spatial, musical , interpersonal , intrapersonal , body-kinesthetic（身体动觉的）, and naturalistic.
Gardner thinks that his theory has a______.
A:musical foundation
B:biological foundation
C:intrapersonal foundation
D:linguistic foundation
共用题干
Chinese Dialects（方言）
The enormous differences in Chinese dialects have been a continuing problem ever since China became an empire in 221 B.C.,and it is one big reason why the country has remained impoverished （贫穷）.Of the 600 million people,all but a very small number speak Chinese. But the dialects vary so widely that the speech of Peking,for example,is as different from the speech of Canton as English is from German.
There is,to be sure,only one written language for all China,but it bears no phonetic（语音的）relationship to any of the spoken dialects.Moreover,it has so many symbols that only a tiny portion of the population has ever mastered it.
As a result,most Chinese have been isolated for centuries from a free flow of ideas and from the economic progress that such a flow produces.Many dynasties tried with little success to break down the wall. After recognizing the importance of having a literate people for working in a technological world and for developing an effective propaganda（宣传）machine,the present government is putting everything it has into tackling the language problem. But the obstacles are so formidable（难以应付的）that the results cannot yet be predicted.
At the heart of the problem is the dialects.The dialects prevented the evolution of a single written language based on phonetics.Instead,the Chinese were forced to develop a system that has no relation to sound,and they have clung to it for more than 3,000 years.When this system is applied to a whole language,it results in an overwhelming number of symbols.
There are about 50,000 entries in a Chinese dictionary not counting the compounds（复合词）. In order to be literate,a Chinese must learn 6,000;to be moderately educated,12,000.An English-speaking child,having to conquer only a twenty-six-letter alphabet,has usually learned to read by the time he begins the third grade.A Chinese child needs at least five more years of elementary learning;in the seventh grade,he can barely read a Chinese newspaper.
According to the text,it is believed that China's poverty is partly caused by______.
A:China failed to develop a single written language based on phonetics
B:a Chinese child is supposed to learn much more words than his English speaking counterpart
C:enormous differences in Chinese dialects
D:the Chinese language system has no relation to sound
E:educate more people to learn the same language
F: there is only a small part of the population who understand the large number of symbols
Chinese Dialects（方言）
The enormous differences in Chinese dialects have been a continuing problem ever since China became an empire in 221 B.C.,and it is one big reason why the country has remained impoverished （贫穷）.Of the 600 million people,all but a very small number speak Chinese. But the dialects vary so widely that the speech of Peking,for example,is as different from the speech of Canton as English is from German.
There is,to be sure,only one written language for all China,but it bears no phonetic（语音的）relationship to any of the spoken dialects.Moreover,it has so many symbols that only a tiny portion of the population has ever mastered it.
As a result,most Chinese have been isolated for centuries from a free flow of ideas and from the economic progress that such a flow produces.Many dynasties tried with little success to break down the wall. After recognizing the importance of having a literate people for working in a technological world and for developing an effective propaganda（宣传）machine,the present government is putting everything it has into tackling the language problem. But the obstacles are so formidable（难以应付的）that the results cannot yet be predicted.
At the heart of the problem is the dialects.The dialects prevented the evolution of a single written language based on phonetics.Instead,the Chinese were forced to develop a system that has no relation to sound,and they have clung to it for more than 3,000 years.When this system is applied to a whole language,it results in an overwhelming number of symbols.
There are about 50,000 entries in a Chinese dictionary not counting the compounds（复合词）. In order to be literate,a Chinese must learn 6,000;to be moderately educated,12,000.An English-speaking child,having to conquer only a twenty-six-letter alphabet,has usually learned to read by the time he begins the third grade.A Chinese child needs at least five more years of elementary learning;in the seventh grade,he can barely read a Chinese newspaper.
According to the text,it is believed that China's poverty is partly caused by______.
A:China failed to develop a single written language based on phonetics
B:a Chinese child is supposed to learn much more words than his English speaking counterpart
C:enormous differences in Chinese dialects
D:the Chinese language system has no relation to sound
E:educate more people to learn the same language
F: there is only a small part of the population who understand the large number of symbols
共用题干
Bedwetting
Millions of kids and teenagers from every part of the world wet the bed every single night,it's so common that there are probably other kids in your class who do it.Most kids don't______(51)their friends,so it's easy to feel kind of alone,like you might be the only one on the whole planet who wets the bed.But you are not______(52).
The fancy______ (53)for bedwetting is nocturnal enuresis（夜间遗尿）.Enuresis runs in families.This means that if you urinate（排尿）,or pee, while you are______(54) ,there's a good______(55) that a close relative also did it when he or she was a kid.Just like you may have______(56)your mom's blue eyes or your uncle's long legs,you probably inherited bedwetting,too.
The most important thing to remember is that no one______(57)the bed on purpose.It doesn't mean that you ' re______ ( 58 ) or a slob（懒汉）.It ' s something you can ' t help______( 59 ).For some reason, kids who wet the bed are not able to feel that their bladder（膀胱）is full and don't______(60)up to pee in the toilet.Sometimes a kid who wets the bed will have a realistic______(61)that he is in the bathroom peeing-only to wake up later and discover he's all wet.Many kids who wet the bed are very______(62) sleepers.Trying to wake up someone who wets the bed is often like trying to wake a log-they just stay asleep.
Some kids who wet the bed do it every single night.Others wet some nights and are______(63)on others.A lot of kids say that they seem to be drier when they sleep at a friend's or a relative's house.That's because kids who are anxious______(64)wetting the bed may not sleep much or only very lightly.So the brain may be thinking,"Hey,you!Don't wet someone else's bed!"This can help you ______(65)dry even if you're not aware of it.
62._________
A:deep
B:slow
C:light
D:clever
Bedwetting
Millions of kids and teenagers from every part of the world wet the bed every single night,it's so common that there are probably other kids in your class who do it.Most kids don't______(51)their friends,so it's easy to feel kind of alone,like you might be the only one on the whole planet who wets the bed.But you are not______(52).
The fancy______ (53)for bedwetting is nocturnal enuresis（夜间遗尿）.Enuresis runs in families.This means that if you urinate（排尿）,or pee, while you are______(54) ,there's a good______(55) that a close relative also did it when he or she was a kid.Just like you may have______(56)your mom's blue eyes or your uncle's long legs,you probably inherited bedwetting,too.
The most important thing to remember is that no one______(57)the bed on purpose.It doesn't mean that you ' re______ ( 58 ) or a slob（懒汉）.It ' s something you can ' t help______( 59 ).For some reason, kids who wet the bed are not able to feel that their bladder（膀胱）is full and don't______(60)up to pee in the toilet.Sometimes a kid who wets the bed will have a realistic______(61)that he is in the bathroom peeing-only to wake up later and discover he's all wet.Many kids who wet the bed are very______(62) sleepers.Trying to wake up someone who wets the bed is often like trying to wake a log-they just stay asleep.
Some kids who wet the bed do it every single night.Others wet some nights and are______(63)on others.A lot of kids say that they seem to be drier when they sleep at a friend's or a relative's house.That's because kids who are anxious______(64)wetting the bed may not sleep much or only very lightly.So the brain may be thinking,"Hey,you!Don't wet someone else's bed!"This can help you ______(65)dry even if you're not aware of it.
62._________
A:deep
B:slow
C:light
D:clever
共用题干
The Meaning of Dreams
1 Dreams play an important role in our lives.If they can be correctly interpreted,we can come to
understand ourselves better. Here,we look at four common dreams and what they potentially symbolize.
2 I can see their laughing faces…laughing at me. But they aren't as smart. If they were,they'd be
up here flying with me!This dream has both positive and negative connotations（涵义）.On the positive
side,the dream may express a strong desire to travel and get away from everyday routine.It can also be
interpreted as a powerful desire to achieve.On the other hand,this dream can mean the person has a problem
or is afraid of something and they wish to escape. The dream could represent an inferiority complex（自卑情
结）,which the dreamer attempts to escape from by putting themselves up above others.
3 I'm moving fast now,but it's still behind me. Doesn't matter how fast I go,I still can't escape.
Although this is a traditional symbol of health and vitality（生命力）like the first one,it can also suggest the
dreamer is trying to escape from danger. Usually,fear is the dominant emotion.By running hard,the dreamer
can possibly escape the threat. However,they can also stumble（瞒珊）or worse still stop moving altogether.
This makes the fear even more terrifying（恐怖的）.One possible interpretation suggests that the person is
under pressure in their everyday life.
4 I'm sweating and my heart is beating. I'm trapped in my own bed. In this dream,the person is
often standing on a high,exposed place such as on the top of a tower,or on the edge of a cliff. The
overwhelming（强烈的）feeling changes from anxiety to a loss of control. There is nothing to stop the person,
and the feeling as they go over the edge can be horrifyingly（恐怖地）real. Fortunately,just before hittingthe
ground,the dreamer awakens with a sense of enormous relief. This dream suggests that the dreamer is afraid
of losing control and has a fear of failure or even death.
5 The wind is pushing me and I slip. There's nothing I can do…nothing I can hold on to. This
symbol is associated with fear:suddenly the dreamer loses all power of movement. They try hard to move their
arms and legs,but they simply cannot.Frozen in a terrifying situation with no escape,they become more and
more terrified as the seconds go by.Another frequent context for this dream is failing to do something in
public,often something which you are normally very good at,such as your job.Not only is this extremely
embarrassing,but it also shows a deep-seated phobia（恐惧）of losing a job and a livelihood.
Paragraph 3__________
A: Dream of Running Hard
B: Dream of Falling Down
C:Dream of being Pushed Away
D:Dream of Flying Into the Air
E:Dream of Climbing Trees.
F:Dream of Diving Into the Water
The Meaning of Dreams
1 Dreams play an important role in our lives.If they can be correctly interpreted,we can come to
understand ourselves better. Here,we look at four common dreams and what they potentially symbolize.
2 I can see their laughing faces…laughing at me. But they aren't as smart. If they were,they'd be
up here flying with me!This dream has both positive and negative connotations（涵义）.On the positive
side,the dream may express a strong desire to travel and get away from everyday routine.It can also be
interpreted as a powerful desire to achieve.On the other hand,this dream can mean the person has a problem
or is afraid of something and they wish to escape. The dream could represent an inferiority complex（自卑情
结）,which the dreamer attempts to escape from by putting themselves up above others.
3 I'm moving fast now,but it's still behind me. Doesn't matter how fast I go,I still can't escape.
Although this is a traditional symbol of health and vitality（生命力）like the first one,it can also suggest the
dreamer is trying to escape from danger. Usually,fear is the dominant emotion.By running hard,the dreamer
can possibly escape the threat. However,they can also stumble（瞒珊）or worse still stop moving altogether.
This makes the fear even more terrifying（恐怖的）.One possible interpretation suggests that the person is
under pressure in their everyday life.
4 I'm sweating and my heart is beating. I'm trapped in my own bed. In this dream,the person is
often standing on a high,exposed place such as on the top of a tower,or on the edge of a cliff. The
overwhelming（强烈的）feeling changes from anxiety to a loss of control. There is nothing to stop the person,
and the feeling as they go over the edge can be horrifyingly（恐怖地）real. Fortunately,just before hittingthe
ground,the dreamer awakens with a sense of enormous relief. This dream suggests that the dreamer is afraid
of losing control and has a fear of failure or even death.
5 The wind is pushing me and I slip. There's nothing I can do…nothing I can hold on to. This
symbol is associated with fear:suddenly the dreamer loses all power of movement. They try hard to move their
arms and legs,but they simply cannot.Frozen in a terrifying situation with no escape,they become more and
more terrified as the seconds go by.Another frequent context for this dream is failing to do something in
public,often something which you are normally very good at,such as your job.Not only is this extremely
embarrassing,but it also shows a deep-seated phobia（恐惧）of losing a job and a livelihood.
Paragraph 3__________
A: Dream of Running Hard
B: Dream of Falling Down
C:Dream of being Pushed Away
D:Dream of Flying Into the Air
E:Dream of Climbing Trees.
F:Dream of Diving Into the Water
共用题干
Stage Fright
Fall down as you come onstage .That's an odd trick.Not recommended.But it saved the pi- anist Vladimir Felts man when he was a teenager back in Moscow.The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,Mr. Felts man said, “All my fright was_______(51).I already fell.What else could happen?”
Today,music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that_______(52) with performance techniques and career preparation.There are a variety of strategies that musici-ans can learn to_______(53)stage fright and its symptoms:icy fingers,shaky limbs,racing heart,blank mind.
Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice,from basics like learning pieces inside out,_______(54)mental discipline,such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to re- lax .Don't_______(55)that you're jittery,they urge;some excitement is natural,even necessa-ry for dynamic playing. And play in public often,simply for the experience.
Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some_______(56)for the moments before perform-ance,“Take two deep abdominal breaths,open up your shoulders,then smile,”she says.“And not one of these‘please don't kill me'smiles.Then_______(57)three friendly faces in the au-
dience,people you would communicate with and make music to,and make eye contact with them.”She doesn't want performers to think of the audience_______(58)a judge.
Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the_______(59)of stage fright,says Dorothy Delay,a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.
When Lynn Harrell was 20,he became the principal cellist of the Cleveland Orchestra,and he suffered extreme stage fright.“There were times when I got so_______(60)I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic.I came to a _______(61)where I thought,If I have to go through this to play music,I think I'm going to look for another job.” Recovery,he said,involved developing humility-recognizing that _______(62)his talent,he was fallible,and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.
It is not only young artists who suffer,of course.The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz's nerves were famous.The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example.“They had to push him on stage,”Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.
_______(63),success can make things worse.“In the beginning of your career,when you're scared to death,nobody knows who you are,and they don't have any_______(64),”So-prano June Anderson said.
“There's_______(65)to lose .Later on,when you're known,peo- ple are coming to see you,and they have certain expectations.You have a lot to lose.”
Anderson added,“I never stop being nervous until I've sung my last note.”
61._________
A:. room
B:point
C: moment
D: corner
Stage Fright
Fall down as you come onstage .That's an odd trick.Not recommended.But it saved the pi- anist Vladimir Felts man when he was a teenager back in Moscow.The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,Mr. Felts man said, “All my fright was_______(51).I already fell.What else could happen?”
Today,music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that_______(52) with performance techniques and career preparation.There are a variety of strategies that musici-ans can learn to_______(53)stage fright and its symptoms:icy fingers,shaky limbs,racing heart,blank mind.
Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice,from basics like learning pieces inside out,_______(54)mental discipline,such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to re- lax .Don't_______(55)that you're jittery,they urge;some excitement is natural,even necessa-ry for dynamic playing. And play in public often,simply for the experience.
Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some_______(56)for the moments before perform-ance,“Take two deep abdominal breaths,open up your shoulders,then smile,”she says.“And not one of these‘please don't kill me'smiles.Then_______(57)three friendly faces in the au-
dience,people you would communicate with and make music to,and make eye contact with them.”She doesn't want performers to think of the audience_______(58)a judge.
Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the_______(59)of stage fright,says Dorothy Delay,a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.
When Lynn Harrell was 20,he became the principal cellist of the Cleveland Orchestra,and he suffered extreme stage fright.“There were times when I got so_______(60)I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic.I came to a _______(61)where I thought,If I have to go through this to play music,I think I'm going to look for another job.” Recovery,he said,involved developing humility-recognizing that _______(62)his talent,he was fallible,and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.
It is not only young artists who suffer,of course.The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz's nerves were famous.The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example.“They had to push him on stage,”Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.
_______(63),success can make things worse.“In the beginning of your career,when you're scared to death,nobody knows who you are,and they don't have any_______(64),”So-prano June Anderson said.
“There's_______(65)to lose .Later on,when you're known,peo- ple are coming to see you,and they have certain expectations.You have a lot to lose.”
Anderson added,“I never stop being nervous until I've sung my last note.”
61._________
A:. room
B:point
C: moment
D: corner
共用题干
第一篇
The Sahara
The name Sahara derives from the Arabic word for"desert"or"steppe".At 3.5 million square miles,
an area roughly the size of the United States,the Sahara Desert in northern Africa is the largest desert in the
world.It spans the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. Daytime temperatures can reach as high
as 130°F.The humidity sometimes gets into the teens.But it can also be as low as 2.5 percent,the lowest in
the world.Most of the Sahara receives less than five inches of rain per year,while large areas sometimes have
no rainfall at all for years.
At the heart of the Sahara is the landlocked north African country of Niger. Here the sand dunes can be
100 feet tall and several miles long. Here sand plains stretch over an area larger than Germany where there is
neither water nor towns.Yet sitting in the midst of the surrounding desert is the town of Bilma. Suddenly there
are pools of clear water. Surprisingly,there are groves of date palms.Underground water resources,or oases,
sufficient to support irrigated agriculture are found in dry stream beds and depressions.Irrigation ditches run
off a creek to water fields.Corn,cassava,tea,peanuts,hot peppers,and orange,lime,and grapefruit trees grow
in these fields.Donkeys and goats graze on green grass.
The Sahara of Niger is still a region where you can see a camel caravan of 500 camels tied together in
loose lines as long as a mile,traveling toward such oasis towns.There a caravan will collect life-sustaining
salt,which is mined from watery basins,and transport it up to 400 miles back to settlements on the edges of
the desert.The round trip across the vast sands takes one month.
In this passage"caravan"means_______________.
A:traveling circus
B:group traveling together through difficult country
C:railroad train
D:a small,fast sailing ship
第一篇
The Sahara
The name Sahara derives from the Arabic word for"desert"or"steppe".At 3.5 million square miles,
an area roughly the size of the United States,the Sahara Desert in northern Africa is the largest desert in the
world.It spans the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. Daytime temperatures can reach as high
as 130°F.The humidity sometimes gets into the teens.But it can also be as low as 2.5 percent,the lowest in
the world.Most of the Sahara receives less than five inches of rain per year,while large areas sometimes have
no rainfall at all for years.
At the heart of the Sahara is the landlocked north African country of Niger. Here the sand dunes can be
100 feet tall and several miles long. Here sand plains stretch over an area larger than Germany where there is
neither water nor towns.Yet sitting in the midst of the surrounding desert is the town of Bilma. Suddenly there
are pools of clear water. Surprisingly,there are groves of date palms.Underground water resources,or oases,
sufficient to support irrigated agriculture are found in dry stream beds and depressions.Irrigation ditches run
off a creek to water fields.Corn,cassava,tea,peanuts,hot peppers,and orange,lime,and grapefruit trees grow
in these fields.Donkeys and goats graze on green grass.
The Sahara of Niger is still a region where you can see a camel caravan of 500 camels tied together in
loose lines as long as a mile,traveling toward such oasis towns.There a caravan will collect life-sustaining
salt,which is mined from watery basins,and transport it up to 400 miles back to settlements on the edges of
the desert.The round trip across the vast sands takes one month.
In this passage"caravan"means_______________.
A:traveling circus
B:group traveling together through difficult country
C:railroad train
D:a small,fast sailing ship
共用题干
The Family
The structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society. The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. Until recently,the most common form in North America was the nuclear family,consisting of a married couple with their minor children. The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be prepared to fend for itself. Individual family members strongly depend on one anoth-er. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so. In North America,the elderly often do not live with the family;they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.
There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies,such as North America,and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits,who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh condi-tions,mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans,the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.
The nuclear family was not always the North American standard. In a more agrarian time,the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. This might have included grandparents,mother and father,brothers and sisters,uncles,aunts,and cousins. In North America today,there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced,separated,or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family,not just in North America,but throughout the world,continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.
The word“mobility” means______.
A: money
B: readiness to move
C: organization
D: skill
The Family
The structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society. The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. Until recently,the most common form in North America was the nuclear family,consisting of a married couple with their minor children. The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be prepared to fend for itself. Individual family members strongly depend on one anoth-er. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so. In North America,the elderly often do not live with the family;they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.
There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies,such as North America,and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits,who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh condi-tions,mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans,the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.
The nuclear family was not always the North American standard. In a more agrarian time,the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. This might have included grandparents,mother and father,brothers and sisters,uncles,aunts,and cousins. In North America today,there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced,separated,or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family,not just in North America,but throughout the world,continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.
The word“mobility” means______.
A: money
B: readiness to move
C: organization
D: skill
A Brief History of Time is very difficult for students to understand.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
共用题干
第三篇
When Fear Takes Control of the Mind
A panic attack is a sudden feeling of terror. Usually it does not last long,but it may feel like forever. The
cause can be something as normally uneventful as driving over a bridge or flying in an airplane.And it can
happen even if the person has driven over many bridges or flown many times before.A fast heart beat. Sweaty
hands.Difficulty in breathing. A light一headed feeling. At first a person may have no idea what is wrong. But
these can all be signs of what is known as panic disorder. The first appearance usually is between the ages of 18
and 25.In some cases it develop3 after a tragedy,like the death of a loved one,or some other difficult situation.
In the United States,the National Institute of Mental Health says more than two million people are af-
fected in any one-year period.The American Psychological Association says panic disorder is twice more like-
ly in women than men.And it can last anywhere from a few months to a lifetime.
Panic attacks can be dangerous一for example,if a person is driving at the time.The Chesapeake Bay
Bridge in the state of Maryland is so long and so high over the water,and it is famous for scaring motorists.
There is even a driver assistance program to help people get across.Some people who suffer a panic attack
develop a phobia,a deep fear of ever repeating the activity that brought on the attack.
But experts say panic disorder can be treated. Doctors might suggest anti-anxiety or anti-depressant
medicines.Talking to a counselor could help a person learn to deal with or avoid a panic attack.There are
breathing methods,for example,that might help a person calm down.Panic disorder is included among what
mental health professionals call anxiety disorders.A study published last week reported a link between
anxiety disorders and several physical diseases.It says these include thyroid disease,lung and stomach prob-
lems,arthritis,migraine headaches and allergic conditions.Researchers at the University of Manitoba in
Canada say that in most cases the physical condition followed the anxiety disorder. However,they say,exactly
how the two are connected remains unknown.
The report in the Archives of Internal Medicine came from a German health study of more than 4 ,000 adalts.
Which of the following spots is most likely to cause drivers to suffer panic disorder according to the author?
A:The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.
B:The Chesapeake Bay Bridge in Maryland.
C:The Empire State Building in New York.
D:The Niagara Falls in North America.
第三篇
When Fear Takes Control of the Mind
A panic attack is a sudden feeling of terror. Usually it does not last long,but it may feel like forever. The
cause can be something as normally uneventful as driving over a bridge or flying in an airplane.And it can
happen even if the person has driven over many bridges or flown many times before.A fast heart beat. Sweaty
hands.Difficulty in breathing. A light一headed feeling. At first a person may have no idea what is wrong. But
these can all be signs of what is known as panic disorder. The first appearance usually is between the ages of 18
and 25.In some cases it develop3 after a tragedy,like the death of a loved one,or some other difficult situation.
In the United States,the National Institute of Mental Health says more than two million people are af-
fected in any one-year period.The American Psychological Association says panic disorder is twice more like-
ly in women than men.And it can last anywhere from a few months to a lifetime.
Panic attacks can be dangerous一for example,if a person is driving at the time.The Chesapeake Bay
Bridge in the state of Maryland is so long and so high over the water,and it is famous for scaring motorists.
There is even a driver assistance program to help people get across.Some people who suffer a panic attack
develop a phobia,a deep fear of ever repeating the activity that brought on the attack.
But experts say panic disorder can be treated. Doctors might suggest anti-anxiety or anti-depressant
medicines.Talking to a counselor could help a person learn to deal with or avoid a panic attack.There are
breathing methods,for example,that might help a person calm down.Panic disorder is included among what
mental health professionals call anxiety disorders.A study published last week reported a link between
anxiety disorders and several physical diseases.It says these include thyroid disease,lung and stomach prob-
lems,arthritis,migraine headaches and allergic conditions.Researchers at the University of Manitoba in
Canada say that in most cases the physical condition followed the anxiety disorder. However,they say,exactly
how the two are connected remains unknown.
The report in the Archives of Internal Medicine came from a German health study of more than 4 ,000 adalts.
Which of the following spots is most likely to cause drivers to suffer panic disorder according to the author?
A:The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.
B:The Chesapeake Bay Bridge in Maryland.
C:The Empire State Building in New York.
D:The Niagara Falls in North America.
Reading the job ad,James was wondering whether he was eligible to apply for it.
A:qualified
B:fortunate
C:able
D:competent
A:qualified
B:fortunate
C:able
D:competent
“There is no other choice,”she said in a harsh voice.
A: firm
B: soft
C: deep
D: unkind
A: firm
B: soft
C: deep
D: unkind
共用题干
第二篇
When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach
Our senses aren't just delivering a strict view of what'5 going on in the world;they're affected by
what's going on in our heads.A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than
people who'ye just eaten.
Psychologists have known for decades that what’。going on inside our heads affects our senses.For example,
poorer children think coins are larger than they are,and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter.
Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis,France,wanted to investigate how this happens.Does it
happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain's high-level thinking
processes get involved?
Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass（质量）index.On the day of his or her test,each
student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating.Then they were told there
was a delay.Some were told to come back in 10 minutes;others were given an hour to get lunch first.So half
the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.
For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screen.One by one,80 words flashed on the
screen for about 1/300th of a second each.They flashed at so small a size that the studentsc o111d only con-
sciously perceive - A quarter of the words were food-related.After each word,each person was asked how
bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they'd seen一a food-related word like cake or a
neutral（中性的）word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.
Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food-related words.
Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen,this means that the difference is in per-
ception,not in thinking processes,Radel says.
"This is something great to me.Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive（奋斗）
for. From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal（处理）of our motives（动机）
and needs,"Radel says.
It can be learnt from what Radel says that_______.
A:humans'thinking processes are independent of their senses
B:an experiment with hungry and non一hungry participants is not reliable
C:humans can perceive what they need without deep thinking processes
D:42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation
第二篇
When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach
Our senses aren't just delivering a strict view of what'5 going on in the world;they're affected by
what's going on in our heads.A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than
people who'ye just eaten.
Psychologists have known for decades that what’。going on inside our heads affects our senses.For example,
poorer children think coins are larger than they are,and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter.
Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis,France,wanted to investigate how this happens.Does it
happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain's high-level thinking
processes get involved?
Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass（质量）index.On the day of his or her test,each
student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating.Then they were told there
was a delay.Some were told to come back in 10 minutes;others were given an hour to get lunch first.So half
the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.
For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screen.One by one,80 words flashed on the
screen for about 1/300th of a second each.They flashed at so small a size that the studentsc o111d only con-
sciously perceive - A quarter of the words were food-related.After each word,each person was asked how
bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they'd seen一a food-related word like cake or a
neutral（中性的）word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.
Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food-related words.
Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen,this means that the difference is in per-
ception,not in thinking processes,Radel says.
"This is something great to me.Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive（奋斗）
for. From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal（处理）of our motives（动机）
and needs,"Radel says.
It can be learnt from what Radel says that_______.
A:humans'thinking processes are independent of their senses
B:an experiment with hungry and non一hungry participants is not reliable
C:humans can perceive what they need without deep thinking processes
D:42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation
共用题干
What Is Cancer?
Cancer is actually a group of many related diseases that all have to do with cells.Cells
are the very small units that make up all________(1)things,including the human
body.There are billions of cells________(2)each person's body.
Cancer happens when cells that are not normal grow________(3)spread very
fast.Normal body cells grow and divide and know when to stop growing.Over time,they
also die._______(4)these normal cells,cancer cells just continue to grow and divide
out of control and don't die.Cancer cells usually group together to form tumors（肿瘤）.
A growing tumor becomes a lump of cancer cells_________(5)can destroy the
normal cells around the_________(6)and damage the body's healthy tissues.This
can make someone very _______(7).
Sometimes cancer cells break away from the original tumor and travel to other areas of
the________(8),where they keep growing and can go on to form new tumors.This
is how cancer__________(9).The spread of a tumor to a new place in the body is
__________(10)metastasis（转移）.
People with cancer may feel pretty sick at times一but can usually still do lots of
normal things._________(11)they are very sick,kids and teenagers with cancer
may still be able to go to school. They may be tired or bruise（出现青肿）easily, but they
__________( 1 2) sometimes go to camp , movies , and sleepover（在外过夜的）parties.
People with cancer still like the same things they did__________(13)they got sick.
Cancer in kids is rare一but today,many kids who do get cancer go on living normal
lives.The number of kids who beat cancer goes________(14)every year because of
new cancer treatments.So a lot of kids with cancer will some day drive cars,go to college,
have careers,and even get_________(15)and have families of their own.
_________(11)
A: In case
B: Because
C: Unless
D: If
What Is Cancer?
Cancer is actually a group of many related diseases that all have to do with cells.Cells
are the very small units that make up all________(1)things,including the human
body.There are billions of cells________(2)each person's body.
Cancer happens when cells that are not normal grow________(3)spread very
fast.Normal body cells grow and divide and know when to stop growing.Over time,they
also die._______(4)these normal cells,cancer cells just continue to grow and divide
out of control and don't die.Cancer cells usually group together to form tumors（肿瘤）.
A growing tumor becomes a lump of cancer cells_________(5)can destroy the
normal cells around the_________(6)and damage the body's healthy tissues.This
can make someone very _______(7).
Sometimes cancer cells break away from the original tumor and travel to other areas of
the________(8),where they keep growing and can go on to form new tumors.This
is how cancer__________(9).The spread of a tumor to a new place in the body is
__________(10)metastasis（转移）.
People with cancer may feel pretty sick at times一but can usually still do lots of
normal things._________(11)they are very sick,kids and teenagers with cancer
may still be able to go to school. They may be tired or bruise（出现青肿）easily, but they
__________( 1 2) sometimes go to camp , movies , and sleepover（在外过夜的）parties.
People with cancer still like the same things they did__________(13)they got sick.
Cancer in kids is rare一but today,many kids who do get cancer go on living normal
lives.The number of kids who beat cancer goes________(14)every year because of
new cancer treatments.So a lot of kids with cancer will some day drive cars,go to college,
have careers,and even get_________(15)and have families of their own.
_________(11)
A: In case
B: Because
C: Unless
D: If
共用题干
Homosexuals（同性恋者）
Many homosexuals prefer to be called gay or,for woman,lesbian.Most of them live quiet lives just______(51)anyone else.Some gay people have always raised children,______(52)or with partners,and the use of artificial insemination（人工受精）is increasing among lesbians.
Gay persons are in every kind of job.Some are very open about their homosexuality,and some are more private.Some______(53)their sexual orientation as a biological given and others as a choice.For those women who see it as a choice,one reason often given is the inequality in most heterosexual（异性恋的）relationships.
Homosexuality has been common in most cultures throughout history and generally______ (54).As a result,homosexual activity became a crime,______(55)which the penalty in early courts was death.Homosexual behavior is still______(56)in many countries and the United States.
Homosexuality later came to be viewed widely as less a sin than a sickness,but now no mentalhealth professional（具有专业资格的人）any longer ______ (57) homosexuality an illness. More recent theories to______(58)for homosexuality have included those based on biological and sociological factors.To date.______(59),there is no conclusive general theory that can explain the cause of homosexuality.
Attitudes______(60)homosexuality began to change in the second half of the 20th century. Gays attribute this,in part,to their own struggle for their rights and pride in their orientation. Some large companies now______(61)health-care benefits to the life partners of their gay employees. Many cities also have officially appointed lesbian and gay advisory（咨询的）committees.______(62)some attitudes have changed,however,prejudice（偏见）still exists,and in the late 1980s and early 1990s,there were considerable shouts against homosexuals,with attempt to ______(63)laws forbidding the granting of basic civil rights to gays.
The AIDS epidemic,which started in the 1980s,has devastated（毁坏）the gay community and brought it together as never before,The organized gay response to the lack of government financial support for fighting AIDS and to the needs of the thousands of AIDS victim______(64)they be gays or not,has been a model of community action.AIDS,however,has also______(65)people with another reason for their prejudice.
_________(56)
A:legal
B:illegal
C:resistible
D:irresistible
Homosexuals（同性恋者）
Many homosexuals prefer to be called gay or,for woman,lesbian.Most of them live quiet lives just______(51)anyone else.Some gay people have always raised children,______(52)or with partners,and the use of artificial insemination（人工受精）is increasing among lesbians.
Gay persons are in every kind of job.Some are very open about their homosexuality,and some are more private.Some______(53)their sexual orientation as a biological given and others as a choice.For those women who see it as a choice,one reason often given is the inequality in most heterosexual（异性恋的）relationships.
Homosexuality has been common in most cultures throughout history and generally______ (54).As a result,homosexual activity became a crime,______(55)which the penalty in early courts was death.Homosexual behavior is still______(56)in many countries and the United States.
Homosexuality later came to be viewed widely as less a sin than a sickness,but now no mentalhealth professional（具有专业资格的人）any longer ______ (57) homosexuality an illness. More recent theories to______(58)for homosexuality have included those based on biological and sociological factors.To date.______(59),there is no conclusive general theory that can explain the cause of homosexuality.
Attitudes______(60)homosexuality began to change in the second half of the 20th century. Gays attribute this,in part,to their own struggle for their rights and pride in their orientation. Some large companies now______(61)health-care benefits to the life partners of their gay employees. Many cities also have officially appointed lesbian and gay advisory（咨询的）committees.______(62)some attitudes have changed,however,prejudice（偏见）still exists,and in the late 1980s and early 1990s,there were considerable shouts against homosexuals,with attempt to ______(63)laws forbidding the granting of basic civil rights to gays.
The AIDS epidemic,which started in the 1980s,has devastated（毁坏）the gay community and brought it together as never before,The organized gay response to the lack of government financial support for fighting AIDS and to the needs of the thousands of AIDS victim______(64)they be gays or not,has been a model of community action.AIDS,however,has also______(65)people with another reason for their prejudice.
_________(56)
A:legal
B:illegal
C:resistible
D:irresistible
共用题干
Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out
Your cell phone holds secrets about you.Besides the names and _____________(51)that you've pro-
grammed into it,traces of your DNA linger on the device,according to a new study.
DNA is genetic material that______________(52)in every cell.Like your fingerprint,your DNA is unique
to you一 _____________（53)you have an identical twin.Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood,
saliva,or hair left _____________(54)at the scene of a crime.The results often help detectives identify
_____________(55)and their victims.Your cell phone can reveal more about you _____________(56)you might
think.
Meghan J.McFadden,a scientist at McMaster University in Hamilton,Ontario,heard about a crime in
which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the______________(57).This made her wonder
whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones even when no blood was involved.______________(58)she and
colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New York analyzed the flip-open phones of 10 volun-
teers.They used swabs to collect______________(59)traces of the users from two parts of the phone:the
outside,where the user holds it,and the______________(60),which is placed at the user's ear.
The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly______________(61)alcohol.The aim of
washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA.The owners got their phones______________(62)for
another week.Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once
more.
The scientists discovered DNA that _____________(63)to the phone's speaker on each of the phones.
Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone,but those swabs also picked up DNA that be-
longed to other people who had apparently also handled the phone.______________(64),DNA showed up even
in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed.That suggests that washing won't remove
all traces of evidence from a criminal's device.So cell phones can now be added to the
______________(65)of clues
that can clinch a crime-scene investigation.
_________(51)
A:numbers
B:music
C:secrets
D:films
Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out
Your cell phone holds secrets about you.Besides the names and _____________(51)that you've pro-
grammed into it,traces of your DNA linger on the device,according to a new study.
DNA is genetic material that______________(52)in every cell.Like your fingerprint,your DNA is unique
to you一 _____________（53)you have an identical twin.Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood,
saliva,or hair left _____________(54)at the scene of a crime.The results often help detectives identify
_____________(55)and their victims.Your cell phone can reveal more about you _____________(56)you might
think.
Meghan J.McFadden,a scientist at McMaster University in Hamilton,Ontario,heard about a crime in
which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the______________(57).This made her wonder
whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones even when no blood was involved.______________(58)she and
colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New York analyzed the flip-open phones of 10 volun-
teers.They used swabs to collect______________(59)traces of the users from two parts of the phone:the
outside,where the user holds it,and the______________(60),which is placed at the user's ear.
The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly______________(61)alcohol.The aim of
washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA.The owners got their phones______________(62)for
another week.Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once
more.
The scientists discovered DNA that _____________(63)to the phone's speaker on each of the phones.
Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone,but those swabs also picked up DNA that be-
longed to other people who had apparently also handled the phone.______________(64),DNA showed up even
in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed.That suggests that washing won't remove
all traces of evidence from a criminal's device.So cell phones can now be added to the
______________(65)of clues
that can clinch a crime-scene investigation.
_________(51)
A:numbers
B:music
C:secrets
D:films