共用题干
Sauna Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms,one of which is the sauna.The Finns have perfected the steam bath,or sauna,which may be taken,usually in an enclosed room，by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath.The Japanese,Greeks,Turks and Russians as well as Native Amencans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals.Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges（发汗帐篷）. The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time.A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat,the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna,"savusauna",is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a back加und odor（气味）or smoke.Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available. Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving.Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation（炎症）.Asthma（哮喘）patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing.Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion and speed recovery time.The body's core temperature usually rises 1-2 degrees while in the sauna,thus imitating a slight fever.The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying"feed a cold,starve a fever".The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place. Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs.Adults sweat about 2 lbs（磅）of water per hour on average in a sauna.A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores（毛孔）and gives the skin a healthy glow.The loss in water weight is temporary as the body's physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes.The cardiovascular（心血管的）system gets a work out as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange.Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute. A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor's advice.The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas.Pregnant women should not take saunas,particularly in the first three months.Indeed,everyone just starting out should take short sessions at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.
According to the third paragraph,saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT______.
A:reducing the chance of getting cold
B:speeding recovery
C:relieving stress
D:curing asthma
Sauna Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms,one of which is the sauna.The Finns have perfected the steam bath,or sauna,which may be taken,usually in an enclosed room，by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath.The Japanese,Greeks,Turks and Russians as well as Native Amencans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals.Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges（发汗帐篷）. The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time.A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat,the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna,"savusauna",is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a back加und odor（气味）or smoke.Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available. Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving.Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation（炎症）.Asthma（哮喘）patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing.Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion and speed recovery time.The body's core temperature usually rises 1-2 degrees while in the sauna,thus imitating a slight fever.The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying"feed a cold,starve a fever".The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place. Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs.Adults sweat about 2 lbs（磅）of water per hour on average in a sauna.A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores（毛孔）and gives the skin a healthy glow.The loss in water weight is temporary as the body's physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes.The cardiovascular（心血管的）system gets a work out as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange.Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute. A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor's advice.The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas.Pregnant women should not take saunas,particularly in the first three months.Indeed,everyone just starting out should take short sessions at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.
According to the third paragraph,saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT______.
A:reducing the chance of getting cold
B:speeding recovery
C:relieving stress
D:curing asthma
In previous times,when fresh meat was inadequate,pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.
A:in short store
B:in short provision
C:in short reserve
D:in short supply
A:in short store
B:in short provision
C:in short reserve
D:in short supply
共用题干
Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-flu
1 If a super-flu strikes,face masks may not protect you.Whether widespread use of masks will help,or
harm,during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously.No results
have come from their mask research yet.However,the government says people should consider wearing them
in certain situations anyway,just in case.
2 Butit's a question the public keeps asking while the governments are making preparations for the
next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) came up with（提出）prelimi-
nary guidelines（初步指导方针）." We don ' t want people wearing them everywhere,"said the CDC. " The
overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure."
3 When that'S not possible,the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in
one of the three following situations.First,you're healthy and can't avoid going to a' crowded place.Second,
you're sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy,such as a family member checking on
you.Third,you live with someone who'S sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection,but still need
to go out.
4 Influenza pandemic can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never
have experienced.Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive,although concern is rising
that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.
5 During the flu pandemic,you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds,and avoid close contact with the
sick unless you must care for someone.Why aren't masks added to this self-protection list?Because they can
help trap virus-laden（含有病毒的、充满细菌的）droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze.
Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets.Besides,the CDC is afraid masks may create a false
sense of security.Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on
the subway instead.
6 Nor does flu only spread through the air. Say someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand,then tou--
ches a doorknob or subway pole.If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or
mouth,you'ye been exposed.It's harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get
pretty sweaty under masks.You reach under to wipe that sweat,and may transfer germs caught on the outside
of the mask straight to the nose.These are the problems face masks may create for their users.
7 Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question.The general public has
to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.
The CDC is afraid that the public may________.
A:overuse face masks
B:deal with the mask problem seriously
C:rub their faces and noses in the subway
D:protest against the mask guidelines
E:help protect people from being attacked by a flu
F:announce the results of their mask research
Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-flu
1 If a super-flu strikes,face masks may not protect you.Whether widespread use of masks will help,or
harm,during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously.No results
have come from their mask research yet.However,the government says people should consider wearing them
in certain situations anyway,just in case.
2 Butit's a question the public keeps asking while the governments are making preparations for the
next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) came up with（提出）prelimi-
nary guidelines（初步指导方针）." We don ' t want people wearing them everywhere,"said the CDC. " The
overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure."
3 When that'S not possible,the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in
one of the three following situations.First,you're healthy and can't avoid going to a' crowded place.Second,
you're sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy,such as a family member checking on
you.Third,you live with someone who'S sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection,but still need
to go out.
4 Influenza pandemic can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never
have experienced.Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive,although concern is rising
that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.
5 During the flu pandemic,you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds,and avoid close contact with the
sick unless you must care for someone.Why aren't masks added to this self-protection list?Because they can
help trap virus-laden（含有病毒的、充满细菌的）droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze.
Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets.Besides,the CDC is afraid masks may create a false
sense of security.Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on
the subway instead.
6 Nor does flu only spread through the air. Say someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand,then tou--
ches a doorknob or subway pole.If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or
mouth,you'ye been exposed.It's harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get
pretty sweaty under masks.You reach under to wipe that sweat,and may transfer germs caught on the outside
of the mask straight to the nose.These are the problems face masks may create for their users.
7 Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question.The general public has
to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.
The CDC is afraid that the public may________.
A:overuse face masks
B:deal with the mask problem seriously
C:rub their faces and noses in the subway
D:protest against the mask guidelines
E:help protect people from being attacked by a flu
F:announce the results of their mask research
共用题干
Working for Fun and Profit
1.It's a sunny weekend morning. You decide to take a walk.Everything is quite except for a.group of people and some colorful objects you see about three blocks away.As you get closer,you notice that there are many things lying on the ground:some National Geographic magazines,a collection of toy trucks,some weight lifting equipment,two bicycles,and a set of chairs.People are parking cars,getting out,and looking over the objects in the driveway.You consider taking a detour around the group of people,but you are curious.Was there an accident?Is this a party?No!Welcome to your first garage sale!
2.On the same morning,a friend of yours takes a drive.He makes a mistake at an intersection and takes a wrong turn.He passes a large parking lot full of people,not cars.He sees many multicolored objects.At first he thinks it's an art show. Then he decides it's a fair. He parks his car and gets out to explore.He's just arrived at his first flea market.
3.Garage sales and flea market are popular in the United States.Many Americans find that they can make a little extra money and have fun being"weekend entrepreneurs”.They take outgrown clothing,appliances,toys,and books and resell them at garage sales and flea markets.
4.Flea markets are generally open spaces in or out of town that become busy sales centers on weekends.People who want to sell new or used clothing,tools,furniture,or books rent a space for the day for a small amount of money and sell their merchandise.Shoppers from near and far come to get good buys on imported watches,house plants,magazines,microscopes,children's clothes,and handmade goods such as embroidered pillowcases or jewelry.Some shoppers even buy and sell antiques.They search flea markets for special treasures that they can resell in their own stores for lots of money.
5.Garage sales are smaller than flea markets,and the merchandise consists mainly of household items.Dishes,pots and pans,coat hangers,and children's clothing are inexpensive and common at garage sales. People frequently have garage sales before they move and on weekends when the weather is nice.Sometimes several families gather their unwanted household goods and sell them together. More merchandise attracts more customers.
6.Cleaning,organizing,pricing,and moving merchandise is hard work,but the popularity of flea market and garage sales proves that many Americans work for fun!
People in the US usually hold a garage sale to sell things that they don't need.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
Working for Fun and Profit
1.It's a sunny weekend morning. You decide to take a walk.Everything is quite except for a.group of people and some colorful objects you see about three blocks away.As you get closer,you notice that there are many things lying on the ground:some National Geographic magazines,a collection of toy trucks,some weight lifting equipment,two bicycles,and a set of chairs.People are parking cars,getting out,and looking over the objects in the driveway.You consider taking a detour around the group of people,but you are curious.Was there an accident?Is this a party?No!Welcome to your first garage sale!
2.On the same morning,a friend of yours takes a drive.He makes a mistake at an intersection and takes a wrong turn.He passes a large parking lot full of people,not cars.He sees many multicolored objects.At first he thinks it's an art show. Then he decides it's a fair. He parks his car and gets out to explore.He's just arrived at his first flea market.
3.Garage sales and flea market are popular in the United States.Many Americans find that they can make a little extra money and have fun being"weekend entrepreneurs”.They take outgrown clothing,appliances,toys,and books and resell them at garage sales and flea markets.
4.Flea markets are generally open spaces in or out of town that become busy sales centers on weekends.People who want to sell new or used clothing,tools,furniture,or books rent a space for the day for a small amount of money and sell their merchandise.Shoppers from near and far come to get good buys on imported watches,house plants,magazines,microscopes,children's clothes,and handmade goods such as embroidered pillowcases or jewelry.Some shoppers even buy and sell antiques.They search flea markets for special treasures that they can resell in their own stores for lots of money.
5.Garage sales are smaller than flea markets,and the merchandise consists mainly of household items.Dishes,pots and pans,coat hangers,and children's clothing are inexpensive and common at garage sales. People frequently have garage sales before they move and on weekends when the weather is nice.Sometimes several families gather their unwanted household goods and sell them together. More merchandise attracts more customers.
6.Cleaning,organizing,pricing,and moving merchandise is hard work,but the popularity of flea market and garage sales proves that many Americans work for fun!
People in the US usually hold a garage sale to sell things that they don't need.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
共用题干
Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters
It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to1people frequently. But these fish perform a2service for earth's waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing are threatening their3.Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from4.
Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas5their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas,6people also swim. In fact,most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person7a sea animal,such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up.Those are the8 when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.
A shark has an extremely good sense of smell. It can find small amounts of substances in wa-ter,such as blood,body liquids and9 produced by animals. These powerful10help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish,any11sharks,and plants that live in the ocean.
Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense,and immune 12against disease. Researchers know that sharks13quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.
Sharks are important for the world's14.They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too15．This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.
2._________
A: terrible
B: eatable
C: valuable
D: possible
Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters
It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to1people frequently. But these fish perform a2service for earth's waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing are threatening their3.Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from4.
Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas5their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas,6people also swim. In fact,most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person7a sea animal,such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up.Those are the8 when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.
A shark has an extremely good sense of smell. It can find small amounts of substances in wa-ter,such as blood,body liquids and9 produced by animals. These powerful10help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish,any11sharks,and plants that live in the ocean.
Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense,and immune 12against disease. Researchers know that sharks13quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.
Sharks are important for the world's14.They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too15．This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.
2._________
A: terrible
B: eatable
C: valuable
D: possible
共用题干
Science Fiction
1 Amongst the most popular books being written today are those which are usually classified as science fiction.Hundreds of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people.Furthermore,some of the most successful films of recent years have been based on science fiction stories.
2 It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new development in literature,but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago.These books were often concerned with the presentation of some form of ideal society,a theme which is still often found in modern stories.
3 Most of the classics of science fiction,however,have been written within the last hundred years. Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H.G.Wells,to mention just two well-known authors,have been translated into many languages.
4 Modern science fiction writers don ' t write about men from Mars（火星）or space adventure stories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technical developments on society and the human mind; or in imagining future worlds which are a reflection of the world which we live in now.Because of this,their writing has obvious political undertones（含义）.
5 In an age where science fact frequently overtakes（超过）science fiction , the writers may find it difficult to keep ahead of scientific advances.Those who are sufficiently clear-sighted to see the way we are going,however,may provide a valuable lesson on how to deal with the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology.
Paragraph 5______
A:Popularity of Science Fiction
B:A Fairly New Development
C:Classics of Science Fiction
D:Difficulty in Keeping Ahead of Scientific Adventure
E:Its Origin
F:Themes of Modern Science Fiction
Science Fiction
1 Amongst the most popular books being written today are those which are usually classified as science fiction.Hundreds of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people.Furthermore,some of the most successful films of recent years have been based on science fiction stories.
2 It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new development in literature,but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago.These books were often concerned with the presentation of some form of ideal society,a theme which is still often found in modern stories.
3 Most of the classics of science fiction,however,have been written within the last hundred years. Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H.G.Wells,to mention just two well-known authors,have been translated into many languages.
4 Modern science fiction writers don ' t write about men from Mars（火星）or space adventure stories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technical developments on society and the human mind; or in imagining future worlds which are a reflection of the world which we live in now.Because of this,their writing has obvious political undertones（含义）.
5 In an age where science fact frequently overtakes（超过）science fiction , the writers may find it difficult to keep ahead of scientific advances.Those who are sufficiently clear-sighted to see the way we are going,however,may provide a valuable lesson on how to deal with the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology.
Paragraph 5______
A:Popularity of Science Fiction
B:A Fairly New Development
C:Classics of Science Fiction
D:Difficulty in Keeping Ahead of Scientific Adventure
E:Its Origin
F:Themes of Modern Science Fiction
共用题干
U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars
NASA scientists said that Mars was covered once by vast lakes,flowing rivers and a Va-riety of other wet environments that had the potential to support life.
Laboratory tests aboard NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander have identified water in a soil sample;the lander's robotic arm delivered the sample Wednesday to an instrument that iden-tifies vapors produced by the heating of samples.
“We have water,”said William Boynton of the University of Arizona,lead scientist for ,the Thermal and Evolved-Gas Analyzer,or TEGA.“This is the first time Martian water has been touched and tasted.”
The robotic arm is a critical part of the Phoenix Mars mission. It is needed to trench into the icy layers of northern polar Mars and deliver samples to instruments that will analyze what Mars is made of,what its water is like,and whether it is or has ever been a possible habitat for life.
The soil sample came from a trench approximately 2 inches deep.When the robotic arm first reached that depth,it hit a hard layer of frozen soil.Two attempts to deliver samples of icy soil on days when fresh material was exposed were foiled when the samples became stuck inside the scoop.Most of the material in Wednesday's sample had been exposed to the air for two days,letting some of the water in the sample vaporize away and making the soil easier to handle.
“Mars is giving us some surprises,”said Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona.“We're excited because surprises are where discoveries come from. One surprise is how the soil is behaving. The ice-rich layers stick to the scoop when poised in the sun above the deck,different from what we expected,from all the Mars simulation tes-ting we've done so far.”
Since landing on May 25,Phoenix has been studying soil with a chemistry lab,TEGA, a microscope,a conductivity probe and cameras.The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for biology and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life are present.
The mission is examining the sky as well as the ground. A Canadian instrument is using a laser beam to study dust and clouds overhead.
“It's a 30-watt light bulb giving us a laser show on Mars,”said Victoria Hipkin of the Canadian Space Agency.
A full-circle,color panorama of Phoenix's surroundings also has been completed by the spacecraft.
“The details and patterns we see in the ground show an ice-dominated terrain as far as the eye can see,”said Mark Lemmon of Texas A & M University,lead scientist for
Phoenix's Surface Stereo Imager camera.“They help us plan measurements we're making within reach of the robotic arm and interpret those measurements on a wider scale.”
词汇：
foil v. 挫败，使成泡影 conductivity n. 传导陡，导电胜
scoop n. 铲斗 thaw v. 融化，融解
vaporize v. 使蒸发，使汽化 panorama n. 全貌，全景图
注释：
1.NASA：National Aeronautics and Space Administration(美国国家航空航天局)的缩写。NASA总部设在华盛顿哥伦比亚特区，是美国政府系统中的航空航天科研机构，负责组织和协调美国航空航天的研究工作并提供咨询。
2.Phoenix Mars Lander：凤凰号火星登陆器。其使命是探测火星地表下的冰层，分析冰层是否曾经融化产生液态水，并计划检测火星土壤是否含有生命存活的有机物。
3.Thermal and Evolved—Gas Analyzer：热力与先进气体分析仪
4.Stereo Imager：立体图像
What was discovered by NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander on Mars?
A: Vast lakes.
B: Flowing rivers.
C: Water in a soil sample.
D: Living things.
U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars
NASA scientists said that Mars was covered once by vast lakes,flowing rivers and a Va-riety of other wet environments that had the potential to support life.
Laboratory tests aboard NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander have identified water in a soil sample;the lander's robotic arm delivered the sample Wednesday to an instrument that iden-tifies vapors produced by the heating of samples.
“We have water,”said William Boynton of the University of Arizona,lead scientist for ,the Thermal and Evolved-Gas Analyzer,or TEGA.“This is the first time Martian water has been touched and tasted.”
The robotic arm is a critical part of the Phoenix Mars mission. It is needed to trench into the icy layers of northern polar Mars and deliver samples to instruments that will analyze what Mars is made of,what its water is like,and whether it is or has ever been a possible habitat for life.
The soil sample came from a trench approximately 2 inches deep.When the robotic arm first reached that depth,it hit a hard layer of frozen soil.Two attempts to deliver samples of icy soil on days when fresh material was exposed were foiled when the samples became stuck inside the scoop.Most of the material in Wednesday's sample had been exposed to the air for two days,letting some of the water in the sample vaporize away and making the soil easier to handle.
“Mars is giving us some surprises,”said Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona.“We're excited because surprises are where discoveries come from. One surprise is how the soil is behaving. The ice-rich layers stick to the scoop when poised in the sun above the deck,different from what we expected,from all the Mars simulation tes-ting we've done so far.”
Since landing on May 25,Phoenix has been studying soil with a chemistry lab,TEGA, a microscope,a conductivity probe and cameras.The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for biology and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life are present.
The mission is examining the sky as well as the ground. A Canadian instrument is using a laser beam to study dust and clouds overhead.
“It's a 30-watt light bulb giving us a laser show on Mars,”said Victoria Hipkin of the Canadian Space Agency.
A full-circle,color panorama of Phoenix's surroundings also has been completed by the spacecraft.
“The details and patterns we see in the ground show an ice-dominated terrain as far as the eye can see,”said Mark Lemmon of Texas A & M University,lead scientist for
Phoenix's Surface Stereo Imager camera.“They help us plan measurements we're making within reach of the robotic arm and interpret those measurements on a wider scale.”
词汇：
foil v. 挫败，使成泡影 conductivity n. 传导陡，导电胜
scoop n. 铲斗 thaw v. 融化，融解
vaporize v. 使蒸发，使汽化 panorama n. 全貌，全景图
注释：
1.NASA：National Aeronautics and Space Administration(美国国家航空航天局)的缩写。NASA总部设在华盛顿哥伦比亚特区，是美国政府系统中的航空航天科研机构，负责组织和协调美国航空航天的研究工作并提供咨询。
2.Phoenix Mars Lander：凤凰号火星登陆器。其使命是探测火星地表下的冰层，分析冰层是否曾经融化产生液态水，并计划检测火星土壤是否含有生命存活的有机物。
3.Thermal and Evolved—Gas Analyzer：热力与先进气体分析仪
4.Stereo Imager：立体图像
What was discovered by NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander on Mars?
A: Vast lakes.
B: Flowing rivers.
C: Water in a soil sample.
D: Living things.
A、Cutting the grass.
B、Feeding the fish.
C、Looking after the children.
D、Taking care of the dog.
共用题干
Global Warming
Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate. Many scientists1the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase2the world's temperatures and are convinced that,more than3before,the Earth is at4from the forces of the wind,rain and sun.5to them,global warming is making extreme weather events,6as hurricanes and droughts,even more7and causing sea levels all around the world to8.
Environmental groups are putting9on governments to take action to reduce the 10 of carbon dioxide which is given 11 by factories and power plants,thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in12of more money being spent on research into so-lar,wind and wave energy devices,which could then replace existing power13.
Some scientists,14believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow,we would have to wait15hundred years to notice the results. Global warming,it seems,is here to stay.
8._________
A: raise
B: arise
C: rise
D: lift
Global Warming
Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate. Many scientists1the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase2the world's temperatures and are convinced that,more than3before,the Earth is at4from the forces of the wind,rain and sun.5to them,global warming is making extreme weather events,6as hurricanes and droughts,even more7and causing sea levels all around the world to8.
Environmental groups are putting9on governments to take action to reduce the 10 of carbon dioxide which is given 11 by factories and power plants,thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in12of more money being spent on research into so-lar,wind and wave energy devices,which could then replace existing power13.
Some scientists,14believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow,we would have to wait15hundred years to notice the results. Global warming,it seems,is here to stay.
8._________
A: raise
B: arise
C: rise
D: lift
共用题干
Better Solar Energy Systems:More Heat,More Light
Solar photovoltaic（光电的）thermal energy systems , or PVTs , generate both heat and electricity , but
_________ (51)now they haven't been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone
solar thermal collector. That ' s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon（晶体硅）
solar cells, _______(52)lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn't a very efficient way to gather
heat.
That's a problem of economics.Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a
solar一electric system at a substantially lower _________(53).And it's also a space problem:photovoltaic
cells can
_________(54)up all the space on the roof,leaving little room for thermal applications.
In a pair of studies,Joshua Pearce,an associate professor of materials science and engineering,has de-
vised a_________(55)in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon.
Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon,but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous
（非晶形的）silicon , commonly known
________( 56 ) thin-film silicon. They don ' t create as much elec-
tricity,but they are lighter,flexible,and cheaper. And,because they________(57)much less silicon,they
have a greener footprint._________(58),thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad一news
physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
"That means that their efficiency drops when you_________(59)them to light一pretty much the worst
possible effect for a solar cell,"Pearce explains,which is one of the__________(60)thin-film solar panels
make up only a small fraction of the market.
However,Pearce and his team found a_______(61)to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by
incorporating thin-film silicon in a new________(62)of PVT. You don't have to cool down thin-film sili-
con to make it work.In fact,Pearce's group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating tempera-
tures,near the boiling_________(63)of water,they could make thicker cells that largely_________(64)
the Staebler-Wronski effect.When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,
they also found that by baking the cell once a day,they_________(65)the solar cell's electrical efficiency
by over 10 percent.
_________(64)
A:promoted
B:overcame
C:improved
D:assessed
Better Solar Energy Systems:More Heat,More Light
Solar photovoltaic（光电的）thermal energy systems , or PVTs , generate both heat and electricity , but
_________ (51)now they haven't been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone
solar thermal collector. That ' s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon（晶体硅）
solar cells, _______(52)lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn't a very efficient way to gather
heat.
That's a problem of economics.Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a
solar一electric system at a substantially lower _________(53).And it's also a space problem:photovoltaic
cells can
_________(54)up all the space on the roof,leaving little room for thermal applications.
In a pair of studies,Joshua Pearce,an associate professor of materials science and engineering,has de-
vised a_________(55)in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon.
Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon,but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous
（非晶形的）silicon , commonly known
________( 56 ) thin-film silicon. They don ' t create as much elec-
tricity,but they are lighter,flexible,and cheaper. And,because they________(57)much less silicon,they
have a greener footprint._________(58),thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad一news
physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
"That means that their efficiency drops when you_________(59)them to light一pretty much the worst
possible effect for a solar cell,"Pearce explains,which is one of the__________(60)thin-film solar panels
make up only a small fraction of the market.
However,Pearce and his team found a_______(61)to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by
incorporating thin-film silicon in a new________(62)of PVT. You don't have to cool down thin-film sili-
con to make it work.In fact,Pearce's group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating tempera-
tures,near the boiling_________(63)of water,they could make thicker cells that largely_________(64)
the Staebler-Wronski effect.When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,
they also found that by baking the cell once a day,they_________(65)the solar cell's electrical efficiency
by over 10 percent.
_________(64)
A:promoted
B:overcame
C:improved
D:assessed
共用题干
Tornadoes- The Power of the Nature
Mother nature bestows so much on mankind so that we can survive the cruelty of the environment,though sometimes,she'd like to give us some kind of test.
Tornadoes（龙卷风）and heavy thunderstorms rushed across the Great Lakes and into Trumbull County on Saturday evening. The storms were dramatic and dangerous.
George Snyder was riding the fire truck down Route 88 when he first noticed that a funnel（漏斗状的）cloud was behind him. "I stopped the truck and watched the funnel cloud. It was about 100 feet off the ground and I saw it go up and down for a while.It was moving toward Bradley Road and then suddenly it disappeared,"Snyder said.
Snyder only saw one of the funnel clouds that passed through northeastern Ohio on Saturday.In Trumbull County,a tornado turned trees onto their sides.Some trees fell onto houses and cars. Other trees fell into telephone and electrical wires as they went down.
Amanda Symcheck was having a party when the storm began."I knew something was wrong," she said."I saw the sky go green and pink（粉红色）.Then it sounded like a train rushing toward the house.I started crying and told everyone to go to the basement for protection."
The tornado caused a lot of damage to cars and houses in the area. It will take a long time and much money to repair everything. There was also serious water damage from the thunderstorms.The heavy rains and high wind caused the power to go out in many homes.
The storms caused serious flooding in areas near the river. More than four inches of rain fell in parts of Trumbull County.The river was so high that the water ran into streets and houses.Many streets had to be closed to cars and trucks because of the high water. This made it difficult for fire trucks,police cars,and other rescue vehicles to help people who were in trouble.
Many people who live near the river had to leave their homes for their own safety.Some people reported five feet of water in their homes.Local and state officials opened emergency shelters for the people who were evacuated（撤走）.The Red Cross served meals to them.
"This was a really intense storm,"said Snyder."People were afraid.Mother Nature can be fierce.We were lucky this time.No one was killed."
Amanda Symcheck was having a party in the basement when the storm began?
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
Tornadoes- The Power of the Nature
Mother nature bestows so much on mankind so that we can survive the cruelty of the environment,though sometimes,she'd like to give us some kind of test.
Tornadoes（龙卷风）and heavy thunderstorms rushed across the Great Lakes and into Trumbull County on Saturday evening. The storms were dramatic and dangerous.
George Snyder was riding the fire truck down Route 88 when he first noticed that a funnel（漏斗状的）cloud was behind him. "I stopped the truck and watched the funnel cloud. It was about 100 feet off the ground and I saw it go up and down for a while.It was moving toward Bradley Road and then suddenly it disappeared,"Snyder said.
Snyder only saw one of the funnel clouds that passed through northeastern Ohio on Saturday.In Trumbull County,a tornado turned trees onto their sides.Some trees fell onto houses and cars. Other trees fell into telephone and electrical wires as they went down.
Amanda Symcheck was having a party when the storm began."I knew something was wrong," she said."I saw the sky go green and pink（粉红色）.Then it sounded like a train rushing toward the house.I started crying and told everyone to go to the basement for protection."
The tornado caused a lot of damage to cars and houses in the area. It will take a long time and much money to repair everything. There was also serious water damage from the thunderstorms.The heavy rains and high wind caused the power to go out in many homes.
The storms caused serious flooding in areas near the river. More than four inches of rain fell in parts of Trumbull County.The river was so high that the water ran into streets and houses.Many streets had to be closed to cars and trucks because of the high water. This made it difficult for fire trucks,police cars,and other rescue vehicles to help people who were in trouble.
Many people who live near the river had to leave their homes for their own safety.Some people reported five feet of water in their homes.Local and state officials opened emergency shelters for the people who were evacuated（撤走）.The Red Cross served meals to them.
"This was a really intense storm,"said Snyder."People were afraid.Mother Nature can be fierce.We were lucky this time.No one was killed."
Amanda Symcheck was having a party in the basement when the storm began?
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
The great change of the city astonished all the visitors.
A:surprised
B:scared
C:excited
D:moved
A:surprised
B:scared
C:excited
D:moved
Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early.
A: selected
B: operated
C: developed
D: discovered
A: selected
B: operated
C: developed
D: discovered
共用题干
ADHD Linked to Air Pollutants
Children have an increased of attention problems,seen as early as grade school,if their no-ses inhaled（吸入）a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That's the finding of a new study.Released when things aren't burned completely,this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,or PAHs.The biggest sources of these PAHs:the burning of fossil fuels, wood and trash.
Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health in New York City.She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health.In a new study,she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew（排放）PAHs into the air and lungs, Perera's team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe（探查）other sources of PAHs,ones that's would have been hard for an individual to avoid．
The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy.The reason:Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb.Nine years later,the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children,now age 9 .They asked each child's mother a series of questions.These included whatever her child had problems doing things that needed sustained（长期的）mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The sci-entists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent,careless mis-takes .All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD.About one in U.S.children has ADHD.
Among the women studied,traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure,Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood .Others had high levels.Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9 .The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE.
Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school.
A:Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned
ADHD Linked to Air Pollutants
Children have an increased of attention problems,seen as early as grade school,if their no-ses inhaled（吸入）a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That's the finding of a new study.Released when things aren't burned completely,this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,or PAHs.The biggest sources of these PAHs:the burning of fossil fuels, wood and trash.
Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health in New York City.She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health.In a new study,she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew（排放）PAHs into the air and lungs, Perera's team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe（探查）other sources of PAHs,ones that's would have been hard for an individual to avoid．
The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy.The reason:Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb.Nine years later,the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children,now age 9 .They asked each child's mother a series of questions.These included whatever her child had problems doing things that needed sustained（长期的）mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The sci-entists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent,careless mis-takes .All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD.About one in U.S.children has ADHD.
Among the women studied,traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure,Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood .Others had high levels.Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9 .The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE.
Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school.
A:Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned
共用题干
Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?
When people argue about whether coffee is good for health,they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it good for your heart?Does it increase blood pressure?Does it help you concentrate?However,coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.
Traditionally,coffee bushes were planted under the canopy（树冠）of taller indigenous（土生土长的）trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees.At first,this increases production because more coffee bushes can be plan- ted if there aren't any trees.With increased production come increased profits.
Unfortunately,deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local wildlife habitat Native birds nest and hide from predators（捕食者）in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.
Furthermore,in the long term,the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee.The fertilizers and pesti- cides kill insects that eat coffee plant,but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well,and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.
Fortunately,farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade.We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as“shade grown” and“bird friendly.”Sure,these varieties might cost a little more.But we're paying for the health of the birds,the land,ourselves,and the planet. I think it's worth it.
How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?
A: They buy more land from other farmers.
B: They cut down trees.
C: They move to another country.
D:.They turn grassland into farmland.
Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?
When people argue about whether coffee is good for health,they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it good for your heart?Does it increase blood pressure?Does it help you concentrate?However,coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.
Traditionally,coffee bushes were planted under the canopy（树冠）of taller indigenous（土生土长的）trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees.At first,this increases production because more coffee bushes can be plan- ted if there aren't any trees.With increased production come increased profits.
Unfortunately,deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local wildlife habitat Native birds nest and hide from predators（捕食者）in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.
Furthermore,in the long term,the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee.The fertilizers and pesti- cides kill insects that eat coffee plant,but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well,and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.
Fortunately,farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade.We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as“shade grown” and“bird friendly.”Sure,these varieties might cost a little more.But we're paying for the health of the birds,the land,ourselves,and the planet. I think it's worth it.
How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?
A: They buy more land from other farmers.
B: They cut down trees.
C: They move to another country.
D:.They turn grassland into farmland.