共用题干
Squishy Cellphones Add a Buzz to Calls
Vibrating rubber could be the next big thing in mobile communications.They allow people to communicate by squishing the phone to transmit_______(51)along with their spoken words. According to a research team at the MIT Medical Lab in Cambridge,Massachusetts,the idea will make_______(52)more fun.
Many mobile phones can already be made to vibrate（振动）_______(53 ) ring when you do not want people to know you are getting a call. But these vibrations,_______(54)by a motor spinning an eccentric（离心的、偏离的）weight inside the device, are too crude for subtle com-munication,says Angela Chang of the lab's Tangible Media Group.“They're_______(55)on or off,”she says.
But when you grip Chang's prototype（样机）latex（橡胶）celiphone,your fingers and thumb wrap around five_______(56)speakers. They vibrate_______(57)your skin around 250 times per second.Beneath these speakers sit pressure sensors,so you can transmit vibration as well as_______(58)it. When you squeeze with a finger,a vibration signal is transmitted _______(59)your caller's corresponding finger. Its_______(60)depends on how hard you squeeze.
She says that within a few minutes of being given_______(61)the phones,students were using the vibration feature to add emphasis to what they were saying or to interrupt the other speaker. Over time, people even began to transmit their_______ (62) kind of ad hoc（特别的）“Morse code”,which they would repeat back to show they were following what the other person was saying.“It was pretty easy to communicate,though we didn't specifically pre-arrange _______(63),”says David Milovich,one of the students who tried out the device.
Chang thinks“vibralanguages”could_______(64)for the same reason as texting:some-times people want to communicate something_______(65)everyone nearby knowing what they are saying.“And imagine actually being able to shake someone's hand when you close a business seal,”she says.
53._________
A: as much as
B:as well as
C: in spite of
D: instead of
Squishy Cellphones Add a Buzz to Calls
Vibrating rubber could be the next big thing in mobile communications.They allow people to communicate by squishing the phone to transmit_______(51)along with their spoken words. According to a research team at the MIT Medical Lab in Cambridge,Massachusetts,the idea will make_______(52)more fun.
Many mobile phones can already be made to vibrate（振动）_______(53 ) ring when you do not want people to know you are getting a call. But these vibrations,_______(54)by a motor spinning an eccentric（离心的、偏离的）weight inside the device, are too crude for subtle com-munication,says Angela Chang of the lab's Tangible Media Group.“They're_______(55)on or off,”she says.
But when you grip Chang's prototype（样机）latex（橡胶）celiphone,your fingers and thumb wrap around five_______(56)speakers. They vibrate_______(57)your skin around 250 times per second.Beneath these speakers sit pressure sensors,so you can transmit vibration as well as_______(58)it. When you squeeze with a finger,a vibration signal is transmitted _______(59)your caller's corresponding finger. Its_______(60)depends on how hard you squeeze.
She says that within a few minutes of being given_______(61)the phones,students were using the vibration feature to add emphasis to what they were saying or to interrupt the other speaker. Over time, people even began to transmit their_______ (62) kind of ad hoc（特别的）“Morse code”,which they would repeat back to show they were following what the other person was saying.“It was pretty easy to communicate,though we didn't specifically pre-arrange _______(63),”says David Milovich,one of the students who tried out the device.
Chang thinks“vibralanguages”could_______(64)for the same reason as texting:some-times people want to communicate something_______(65)everyone nearby knowing what they are saying.“And imagine actually being able to shake someone's hand when you close a business seal,”she says.
53._________
A: as much as
B:as well as
C: in spite of
D: instead of
共用题干
The History of the Fridge 1 The fridge is considered a necessity.It has been so since the l960s when packaged food first appeared with the label:"store in the refrigerator." 2 In my fridgeless fifties childhood,I was fed well and healthily.The milkman came daily,the grocer, the butcher,the baker,and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week.The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes.Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food.Thirty years on,food deliveries have ceased,fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country. 3 The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation.A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed-natural cooling,drying'smoking'salting'sugaring,bottling… 4 What refrigeration did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity,marketing soft drinks,marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of。good price. 5 Consequently,most of the world's fridges are to be found,not in the tropics where they might prove useful,but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary.Every winter,millions of fridges hum away continuously and at vast expense,busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house-while outside,nature provides the desired temperature free of charge. 6 The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident,while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant.If you don't believe me,try it yourself.Invest in。food cabinet（橱柜）and turn off your fridge next winter.You may miss the hamburgers but at least you’ll get rid of that terrible hum.
Paragraph 4______
A:The Invention of the Fridge
B:The Pollution Caused by Fridges
C:The Widespread Need for Fridges
D:The Days Without the Fridge
E:The Waste of Energy Caused by Fridges
F:The Fridge's Contribution to Commerce
The History of the Fridge 1 The fridge is considered a necessity.It has been so since the l960s when packaged food first appeared with the label:"store in the refrigerator." 2 In my fridgeless fifties childhood,I was fed well and healthily.The milkman came daily,the grocer, the butcher,the baker,and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week.The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes.Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food.Thirty years on,food deliveries have ceased,fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country. 3 The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation.A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed-natural cooling,drying'smoking'salting'sugaring,bottling… 4 What refrigeration did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity,marketing soft drinks,marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of。good price. 5 Consequently,most of the world's fridges are to be found,not in the tropics where they might prove useful,but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary.Every winter,millions of fridges hum away continuously and at vast expense,busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house-while outside,nature provides the desired temperature free of charge. 6 The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident,while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant.If you don't believe me,try it yourself.Invest in。food cabinet（橱柜）and turn off your fridge next winter.You may miss the hamburgers but at least you’ll get rid of that terrible hum.
Paragraph 4______
A:The Invention of the Fridge
B:The Pollution Caused by Fridges
C:The Widespread Need for Fridges
D:The Days Without the Fridge
E:The Waste of Energy Caused by Fridges
F:The Fridge's Contribution to Commerce
共用题干
Scotland:A Land of Wisdom
In the 1740s,the famous French philosopher Voltaire said"We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization."That's not a bad advertisement for any country when it comes to attracting people to search for a first-class education.
According to the American author Arthur Herman,the Scots invented the modem world it-self. He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modern life depends-everything from the scientific method to market economics.Their ideas did not just spread among intellectuals,but to those people in business,government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.
It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment（启蒙运动）, which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800.Before that,philosophy was mainly concerned with religion.For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment,the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.
Their reasoning was practical.For the philosopher David Hume,humanity was the right sub-ject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of how peo-ple think and feel. And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved,for universal benefit.
Hume's enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method- the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh,Adam Smith, famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business. Trade,he ar-gued,was a form of information .In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets,we all come to benefit each other.
Smith's idea has dominated modern views of economics.It also has wide applications.He was one of the philosophers to point out that nations can become rich,free and powerful through
peace,trade and invention.
Although the Scottish Enlightenment ended a long time ago,the ideas which evolved at that time still underpin（构成……的基础）our theories of human exchange and enquiry. It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with orientation （方向）.
Smith's idea has extensive applications.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned
Scotland:A Land of Wisdom
In the 1740s,the famous French philosopher Voltaire said"We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization."That's not a bad advertisement for any country when it comes to attracting people to search for a first-class education.
According to the American author Arthur Herman,the Scots invented the modem world it-self. He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modern life depends-everything from the scientific method to market economics.Their ideas did not just spread among intellectuals,but to those people in business,government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.
It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment（启蒙运动）, which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800.Before that,philosophy was mainly concerned with religion.For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment,the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.
Their reasoning was practical.For the philosopher David Hume,humanity was the right sub-ject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of how peo-ple think and feel. And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved,for universal benefit.
Hume's enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method- the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh,Adam Smith, famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business. Trade,he ar-gued,was a form of information .In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets,we all come to benefit each other.
Smith's idea has dominated modern views of economics.It also has wide applications.He was one of the philosophers to point out that nations can become rich,free and powerful through
peace,trade and invention.
Although the Scottish Enlightenment ended a long time ago,the ideas which evolved at that time still underpin（构成……的基础）our theories of human exchange and enquiry. It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with orientation （方向）.
Smith's idea has extensive applications.
A: Right
B: Wrong
C: Not mentioned
She getsaggressivewhen she is drunk.
A: offensive
B: worried
C: sleepy
D: anxious
A: offensive
B: worried
C: sleepy
D: anxious
共用题干
A Very Slow Ride
The surface of the earth may seem very stable to you.But you might be amazed if you knew some of the things that are going on under that surface.
The earth has an outer shell of rigid pieces called tectonic plates（地壳构造板块）.The plates include both ocean floor and dry land.Some have whole continents on top of them. The con-tinents on top of the plates are just going along for a slow ride,moving only about four inches per year. But even this small movement causes three types of big interactions.
One type is ocean ridges.These ridges develop in places where two plates are moving away from each other. As the plates separate,hot magma（岩浆）flows up to fill the space. New crust （地壳）builds up on the plate boundaries and causes ocean ridges. These ridges form long moun-tain ranges,which only rise above the ocean surface in a few places.
Another type of reaction-trenches-occurs between two plates that are moving toward each other. As the plates meet,one bends downward and plunges underneath the other. This forms deep ocean trenches. The Marianas Trench off Guam in the western Pacific Ocean has a depth of more than 36,000 feet. This is the lowest point on the ocean floor. If the leading edges of the two colli- ding plates carry continents , then the layers of rock in the overriding plate crumple（变皱）and fold .A plate that carried what is now India collided with the southern edge of the plate that carried
Europe and most of Asia. This caused the Himalayas,the world's highest mountains.
The third reaction is transform faults（转换断层）.These faults occur where two plates that are traveling in opposite directions slide past each other. Severe earthquakes can occur. The San
Andreas Fault in California is a good example of this type of movement.
According to the passage,the earth is______.
A: always changing
B: becoming smaller
C: moving faster
D: getting hotter
A Very Slow Ride
The surface of the earth may seem very stable to you.But you might be amazed if you knew some of the things that are going on under that surface.
The earth has an outer shell of rigid pieces called tectonic plates（地壳构造板块）.The plates include both ocean floor and dry land.Some have whole continents on top of them. The con-tinents on top of the plates are just going along for a slow ride,moving only about four inches per year. But even this small movement causes three types of big interactions.
One type is ocean ridges.These ridges develop in places where two plates are moving away from each other. As the plates separate,hot magma（岩浆）flows up to fill the space. New crust （地壳）builds up on the plate boundaries and causes ocean ridges. These ridges form long moun-tain ranges,which only rise above the ocean surface in a few places.
Another type of reaction-trenches-occurs between two plates that are moving toward each other. As the plates meet,one bends downward and plunges underneath the other. This forms deep ocean trenches. The Marianas Trench off Guam in the western Pacific Ocean has a depth of more than 36,000 feet. This is the lowest point on the ocean floor. If the leading edges of the two colli- ding plates carry continents , then the layers of rock in the overriding plate crumple（变皱）and fold .A plate that carried what is now India collided with the southern edge of the plate that carried
Europe and most of Asia. This caused the Himalayas,the world's highest mountains.
The third reaction is transform faults（转换断层）.These faults occur where two plates that are traveling in opposite directions slide past each other. Severe earthquakes can occur. The San
Andreas Fault in California is a good example of this type of movement.
According to the passage,the earth is______.
A: always changing
B: becoming smaller
C: moving faster
D: getting hotter
共用题干
When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach
Our senses aren't just delivering a strict view of what's going on in the world;they're af-fected by what's going on in our heads. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who'ye just eaten.
Psychologists have known for decades that what's going on,inside our head affects our senses. For example,poorer children think coins are larger than they are,and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis,France,wanted to investi-gate how this happens. Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a lit-tle later as the brain's high-level thinking processes get involved.
Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index. On the day of his or her test,each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes;others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the ex-periment and the other half had just eaten.
For the experiment,the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one,80 words flashed on the screen for about 1/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that
the students could only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word,each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they'd seen一a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word ap-peared too briefly for the participant to really read it.
Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food-related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen,this means that the difference is in perception,not in thinking processes,Radel says.
“This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment,I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our mo-tives and needs,”Radel says.
There was a delay in Radel's experiment because_______.
A: he needed more students to join
B: he didn't prepare enough food for the 42 students
C: he wanted two groups of participants,hungry and non-hungry
D: he didn't want to have the experiment at noon
When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach
Our senses aren't just delivering a strict view of what's going on in the world;they're af-fected by what's going on in our heads. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who'ye just eaten.
Psychologists have known for decades that what's going on,inside our head affects our senses. For example,poorer children think coins are larger than they are,and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis,France,wanted to investi-gate how this happens. Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a lit-tle later as the brain's high-level thinking processes get involved.
Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index. On the day of his or her test,each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes;others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the ex-periment and the other half had just eaten.
For the experiment,the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one,80 words flashed on the screen for about 1/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that
the students could only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word,each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they'd seen一a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word ap-peared too briefly for the participant to really read it.
Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food-related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen,this means that the difference is in perception,not in thinking processes,Radel says.
“This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment,I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our mo-tives and needs,”Radel says.
There was a delay in Radel's experiment because_______.
A: he needed more students to join
B: he didn't prepare enough food for the 42 students
C: he wanted two groups of participants,hungry and non-hungry
D: he didn't want to have the experiment at noon
共用题干
Giant Structures
It is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modern world since every year more
________ (51)constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our admiration
_______(52)they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders.
The Petronas Towers
The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were
completed in 1999.
________(53)a height of 452 metres,the tall twin towers,like two thin pencils,
dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41 st floor,the towers are_________(54)by a bridge,symboli-
zing a gateway to the city.The American architect Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers.Constructed of high-
strength concrete,the building_______(55)around 1,800 square metres of office space on every floor.
And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base.Other_(56)of this impressive building
include double-decker lifts,and glass and steel sunshades.
The Millau Bridge
The Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tarn Valley,in southern France.At
the ________ (57)it was built,it was the world'S highest bridge,_________(58)over 340m at the
highest point.The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the world.It was built
to _________ ( 59 ) Millau ' s congestion（拥堵）problems. The bridge was built to withstand the
________(60)extreme seismic（地震的）and climatic conditions. Besides,it is guaranteed for 120 years!
The Itaipu Dam
The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in
the world. It
_________(61)of a series of dams across the River Parana,_________(62)forms a natural
border between Brazil and Paraguay.Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete,the construction was
carried out as a joint project between the two________(63).The dam is well-known for both its electricity
output and its size.In 1995 it produced 78% of Paraguay’s and 25% of Brazil’s_________（64）needs.
In its construction,the amount of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers.It is a
________(65)amazing wonder of engineering.
_________(58)
A:developing
B:reaching
C:expanding
D:lasting
Giant Structures
It is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modern world since every year more
________ (51)constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our admiration
_______(52)they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders.
The Petronas Towers
The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were
completed in 1999.
________(53)a height of 452 metres,the tall twin towers,like two thin pencils,
dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41 st floor,the towers are_________(54)by a bridge,symboli-
zing a gateway to the city.The American architect Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers.Constructed of high-
strength concrete,the building_______(55)around 1,800 square metres of office space on every floor.
And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base.Other_(56)of this impressive building
include double-decker lifts,and glass and steel sunshades.
The Millau Bridge
The Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tarn Valley,in southern France.At
the ________ (57)it was built,it was the world'S highest bridge,_________(58)over 340m at the
highest point.The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the world.It was built
to _________ ( 59 ) Millau ' s congestion（拥堵）problems. The bridge was built to withstand the
________(60)extreme seismic（地震的）and climatic conditions. Besides,it is guaranteed for 120 years!
The Itaipu Dam
The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in
the world. It
_________(61)of a series of dams across the River Parana,_________(62)forms a natural
border between Brazil and Paraguay.Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete,the construction was
carried out as a joint project between the two________(63).The dam is well-known for both its electricity
output and its size.In 1995 it produced 78% of Paraguay’s and 25% of Brazil’s_________（64）needs.
In its construction,the amount of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers.It is a
________(65)amazing wonder of engineering.
_________(58)
A:developing
B:reaching
C:expanding
D:lasting
共用题干
第二篇
Superconducting Ceramic（陶瓷）
An underaround revolution beqins this winter. With the flip（轻击）of a switch,
30,000 homes in one part of Detroit will soon become the first in the country to receive
electricity transmitted by ice-cold high-performance cables.Other American cities are
expected to follow Detroit's example in the years ahead,which could conserve enormous
amounts of rower.
The new electrical cables at the Frisbie power station in Detroit are revolutionary
because they are made of superconductors.A superconductor is a material that transmits
electricity with little or no resistance.Resistance is the degree to which a substance resists
electric current.All common electrical conductors have a certain amount of electrical
resistance.They convert at least some of the electrical energy passing through them into
waste heat.Superconductors don't.No one understands how superconductivity works.It
just does.
Making superconductors isn't easy.A superconducting material has to be cooled to an
extremely low temperature to lose its resistance.The first superconductors,made more
than 50 years ago,had to be cooled to -263 degrees Celsius before they lost their
resistance.Newer superconducting materials lose their resistance at-143 degrees Celsius.
The superconductors cable installed at the Frisbie station is made of a ceramic material
that contains copper,oxygen,bismuth（秘）,strontium（锶）and calcium (钙）.A
ceramic is a hard,strong compound made from clay or minerals.The superconducting
ceramic has been fashioned into a tape that is wrapped lengthwise around a long tube filled
with liquid nitrogen.Liquid nitrogen is supercold and lowers the temperature of the ceramic
tape to the point where it conveys electricity with zero resistance.
The United States loses an enormous amount of electricity each year to resistance.
Because cooled superconductors have no resistance,they waste much less power. Other
cities are watching the Frisbie experiment in the hope that they might switch to
superconducting cable and conserve power,too.
What element enables the ceramic tape to lower its temperature?
A:Copper.
B:Liquid nitrogen.
C:Clay.
D:Calcium.
第二篇
Superconducting Ceramic（陶瓷）
An underaround revolution beqins this winter. With the flip（轻击）of a switch,
30,000 homes in one part of Detroit will soon become the first in the country to receive
electricity transmitted by ice-cold high-performance cables.Other American cities are
expected to follow Detroit's example in the years ahead,which could conserve enormous
amounts of rower.
The new electrical cables at the Frisbie power station in Detroit are revolutionary
because they are made of superconductors.A superconductor is a material that transmits
electricity with little or no resistance.Resistance is the degree to which a substance resists
electric current.All common electrical conductors have a certain amount of electrical
resistance.They convert at least some of the electrical energy passing through them into
waste heat.Superconductors don't.No one understands how superconductivity works.It
just does.
Making superconductors isn't easy.A superconducting material has to be cooled to an
extremely low temperature to lose its resistance.The first superconductors,made more
than 50 years ago,had to be cooled to -263 degrees Celsius before they lost their
resistance.Newer superconducting materials lose their resistance at-143 degrees Celsius.
The superconductors cable installed at the Frisbie station is made of a ceramic material
that contains copper,oxygen,bismuth（秘）,strontium（锶）and calcium (钙）.A
ceramic is a hard,strong compound made from clay or minerals.The superconducting
ceramic has been fashioned into a tape that is wrapped lengthwise around a long tube filled
with liquid nitrogen.Liquid nitrogen is supercold and lowers the temperature of the ceramic
tape to the point where it conveys electricity with zero resistance.
The United States loses an enormous amount of electricity each year to resistance.
Because cooled superconductors have no resistance,they waste much less power. Other
cities are watching the Frisbie experiment in the hope that they might switch to
superconducting cable and conserve power,too.
What element enables the ceramic tape to lower its temperature?
A:Copper.
B:Liquid nitrogen.
C:Clay.
D:Calcium.
共用题干
Better Solar Energy Systems:More Heat,More Light
Solar photovoltaic（光电的）thermal energy systems , or PVTs , generate both heat and electricity , but
_________ (51)now they haven't been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone
solar thermal collector. That ' s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon（晶体硅）
solar cells, _______(52)lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn't a very efficient way to gather
heat.
That's a problem of economics.Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a
solar一electric system at a substantially lower _________(53).And it's also a space problem:photovoltaic
cells can
_________(54)up all the space on the roof,leaving little room for thermal applications.
In a pair of studies,Joshua Pearce,an associate professor of materials science and engineering,has de-
vised a_________(55)in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon.
Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon,but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous
（非晶形的）silicon , commonly known
________( 56 ) thin-film silicon. They don ' t create as much elec-
tricity,but they are lighter,flexible,and cheaper. And,because they________(57)much less silicon,they
have a greener footprint._________(58),thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad一news
physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
"That means that their efficiency drops when you_________(59)them to light一pretty much the worst
possible effect for a solar cell,"Pearce explains,which is one of the__________(60)thin-film solar panels
make up only a small fraction of the market.
However,Pearce and his team found a_______(61)to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by
incorporating thin-film silicon in a new________(62)of PVT. You don't have to cool down thin-film sili-
con to make it work.In fact,Pearce's group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating tempera-
tures,near the boiling_________(63)of water,they could make thicker cells that largely_________(64)
the Staebler-Wronski effect.When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,
they also found that by baking the cell once a day,they_________(65)the solar cell's electrical efficiency
by over 10 percent.
_________(52)
A:which
B:what
C:that
D:who
Better Solar Energy Systems:More Heat,More Light
Solar photovoltaic（光电的）thermal energy systems , or PVTs , generate both heat and electricity , but
_________ (51)now they haven't been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone
solar thermal collector. That ' s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon（晶体硅）
solar cells, _______(52)lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn't a very efficient way to gather
heat.
That's a problem of economics.Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a
solar一electric system at a substantially lower _________(53).And it's also a space problem:photovoltaic
cells can
_________(54)up all the space on the roof,leaving little room for thermal applications.
In a pair of studies,Joshua Pearce,an associate professor of materials science and engineering,has de-
vised a_________(55)in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon.
Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon,but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous
（非晶形的）silicon , commonly known
________( 56 ) thin-film silicon. They don ' t create as much elec-
tricity,but they are lighter,flexible,and cheaper. And,because they________(57)much less silicon,they
have a greener footprint._________(58),thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad一news
physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
"That means that their efficiency drops when you_________(59)them to light一pretty much the worst
possible effect for a solar cell,"Pearce explains,which is one of the__________(60)thin-film solar panels
make up only a small fraction of the market.
However,Pearce and his team found a_______(61)to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by
incorporating thin-film silicon in a new________(62)of PVT. You don't have to cool down thin-film sili-
con to make it work.In fact,Pearce's group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating tempera-
tures,near the boiling_________(63)of water,they could make thicker cells that largely_________(64)
the Staebler-Wronski effect.When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,
they also found that by baking the cell once a day,they_________(65)the solar cell's electrical efficiency
by over 10 percent.
_________(52)
A:which
B:what
C:that
D:who
共用题干
Learn About Noble Gases（惰性气体）
1 Have you ever ridden on a balloon?Many tourist spots offer balloon rides in order for people to see
the beauty of a place from above.A balloon contains a noble gas called helium（氦）.Formerly,balloons con-
tamned hydrogen but hydrogen is very flammable and dangerous when uncontrolled.Therefore,people shifted
to helium,which is safer. Helium is safe because it has the properties of the noble gases.
2 People once believed that noble gases couldn't chemically react at all.For this reason,they were
called inert gases（惰性气体）.They were also listed under Group 0 in the old periodic table because scien-
tists believed that the gases have zero valence（价）electrons in their outer shell.This was later proven to be
untrue when some noble gas compounds were discovered.
3 The gases are elements,which share similar properties.These properties include being monoatomic,
colorless,odorless,being able to conduct electricity,and having low chemical reactivity.Noble gases
include helium,neon,argon,krypton,xenon and radon.These are all found in Group 18,in the right most
column of the periodic table.If you look at the periodic table,you will notice that these elements are the only
ones which do not have a charge. Helium has the lowest molecular（分子的）weight while radon is the
heaviest.
4 Remember that chemical reactions occur because atoms have valence electrons,which are electrons
in their outer shell.When the outer shell is"unfilled"or the required number of electrons is not yet corn-
plete,the atom is more reactive.Noble gases have a full outer shell,meaning that they have complete elec-
trons in their outer shell.This complete number varies.For instance,the outer shell of helium has 2 valence
electrons while the outer shell of xenon has 8 electrons.Nowadays,there remains to be a few noble gases
because of the low chemical reactivity of these said gases.
5 because of their properties,noble gases have many important applications.They are widely used in
medicine and industries. For instance , liquid helium is used for superconducting magnets（磁体）.These
magnets are very important in physics and medicine.When a doctor suspects that a person's brain has been
damaged,he might request for Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI).MRI allows the doctor to"see"the
brain,without operating on the patient.
Noble gases are not very chemically____________.
A:complete
B:reactive
C:unnecessary
D:flammable
E:important
F: lightest
Learn About Noble Gases（惰性气体）
1 Have you ever ridden on a balloon?Many tourist spots offer balloon rides in order for people to see
the beauty of a place from above.A balloon contains a noble gas called helium（氦）.Formerly,balloons con-
tamned hydrogen but hydrogen is very flammable and dangerous when uncontrolled.Therefore,people shifted
to helium,which is safer. Helium is safe because it has the properties of the noble gases.
2 People once believed that noble gases couldn't chemically react at all.For this reason,they were
called inert gases（惰性气体）.They were also listed under Group 0 in the old periodic table because scien-
tists believed that the gases have zero valence（价）electrons in their outer shell.This was later proven to be
untrue when some noble gas compounds were discovered.
3 The gases are elements,which share similar properties.These properties include being monoatomic,
colorless,odorless,being able to conduct electricity,and having low chemical reactivity.Noble gases
include helium,neon,argon,krypton,xenon and radon.These are all found in Group 18,in the right most
column of the periodic table.If you look at the periodic table,you will notice that these elements are the only
ones which do not have a charge. Helium has the lowest molecular（分子的）weight while radon is the
heaviest.
4 Remember that chemical reactions occur because atoms have valence electrons,which are electrons
in their outer shell.When the outer shell is"unfilled"or the required number of electrons is not yet corn-
plete,the atom is more reactive.Noble gases have a full outer shell,meaning that they have complete elec-
trons in their outer shell.This complete number varies.For instance,the outer shell of helium has 2 valence
electrons while the outer shell of xenon has 8 electrons.Nowadays,there remains to be a few noble gases
because of the low chemical reactivity of these said gases.
5 because of their properties,noble gases have many important applications.They are widely used in
medicine and industries. For instance , liquid helium is used for superconducting magnets（磁体）.These
magnets are very important in physics and medicine.When a doctor suspects that a person's brain has been
damaged,he might request for Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI).MRI allows the doctor to"see"the
brain,without operating on the patient.
Noble gases are not very chemically____________.
A:complete
B:reactive
C:unnecessary
D:flammable
E:important
F: lightest
共用题干
第一篇
The Sahara
The name Sahara derives from the Arabic word for"desert"or"steppe".At 3.5 million square miles,
an area roughly the size of the United States,the Sahara Desert in northern Africa is the largest desert in the
world.It spans the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. Daytime temperatures can reach as high
as 130°F.The humidity sometimes gets into the teens.But it can also be as low as 2.5 percent,the lowest in
the world.Most of the Sahara receives less than five inches of rain per year,while large areas sometimes have
no rainfall at all for years.
At the heart of the Sahara is the landlocked north African country of Niger. Here the sand dunes can be
100 feet tall and several miles long. Here sand plains stretch over an area larger than Germany where there is
neither water nor towns.Yet sitting in the midst of the surrounding desert is the town of Bilma. Suddenly there
are pools of clear water. Surprisingly,there are groves of date palms.Underground water resources,or oases,
sufficient to support irrigated agriculture are found in dry stream beds and depressions.Irrigation ditches run
off a creek to water fields.Corn,cassava,tea,peanuts,hot peppers,and orange,lime,and grapefruit trees grow
in these fields.Donkeys and goats graze on green grass.
The Sahara of Niger is still a region where you can see a camel caravan of 500 camels tied together in
loose lines as long as a mile,traveling toward such oasis towns.There a caravan will collect life-sustaining
salt,which is mined from watery basins,and transport it up to 400 miles back to settlements on the edges of
the desert.The round trip across the vast sands takes one month.
Rainfall in most of the Sahara is_______________.
A:less than five inches per year
B:less than ten inches per year
C:less than twenty inches per year
D:zero
第一篇
The Sahara
The name Sahara derives from the Arabic word for"desert"or"steppe".At 3.5 million square miles,
an area roughly the size of the United States,the Sahara Desert in northern Africa is the largest desert in the
world.It spans the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. Daytime temperatures can reach as high
as 130°F.The humidity sometimes gets into the teens.But it can also be as low as 2.5 percent,the lowest in
the world.Most of the Sahara receives less than five inches of rain per year,while large areas sometimes have
no rainfall at all for years.
At the heart of the Sahara is the landlocked north African country of Niger. Here the sand dunes can be
100 feet tall and several miles long. Here sand plains stretch over an area larger than Germany where there is
neither water nor towns.Yet sitting in the midst of the surrounding desert is the town of Bilma. Suddenly there
are pools of clear water. Surprisingly,there are groves of date palms.Underground water resources,or oases,
sufficient to support irrigated agriculture are found in dry stream beds and depressions.Irrigation ditches run
off a creek to water fields.Corn,cassava,tea,peanuts,hot peppers,and orange,lime,and grapefruit trees grow
in these fields.Donkeys and goats graze on green grass.
The Sahara of Niger is still a region where you can see a camel caravan of 500 camels tied together in
loose lines as long as a mile,traveling toward such oasis towns.There a caravan will collect life-sustaining
salt,which is mined from watery basins,and transport it up to 400 miles back to settlements on the edges of
the desert.The round trip across the vast sands takes one month.
Rainfall in most of the Sahara is_______________.
A:less than five inches per year
B:less than ten inches per year
C:less than twenty inches per year
D:zero
共用题干
Inflation
Business and government leaders also consider the inflation rate to be an important general indicator. Inflation is a period of increased spending that causes rapid rises in prices._______(51)
your money buys fewer goods so that you get_______(52)for the same amount of money as before,inflation is the problem. There is a general rise_______(53)the price of goods and services.Your money buys less.Sometimes people describe inflation as a time when"a dollar is not worth a dollar anymore".
Inflation is a problem for all consumers.People who live on a fixed income are hurt the _______(54).Retired people,for instance,cannot count on an increase in income as prices rise. Elderly people who do not work face serious problems in stretching their incomes to_______(55) their needs in time of inflation.Retirement income_______(56)any fixed income usually does not rise as fast as prices.Many retired people must cut their spending to_______(57)rising prices.In many cases they must stop_______(58)some necessary items,such as food and clothing. Even _______(59)working people whose incomes are going up,inflation can be a problem. The_______(60)of living goes up,too. People who work must have even more money to keep up their standard of living. Just buying the things they need costs more.When incomes do not keep _______(61)with rising prices,the standard of living goes down.People may be earning the same amount of money,but they are not living as well because they are not able to buy as many goods and services.
Government units gather information about prices in our economy and publish it as price indexes _______(62)the rate of change can be determined.A price index measures changes in prices using the price for a_______(63)year as the base.The base price is set at 100,and the other prices are reported as a_______(64)of the base price.A price index makes_______(65)possible to compare current prices of typical consumer goods,for example,with prices of the same goods in previous years.
_________(54)
A:best
B:lease
C:most
D:worst
Inflation
Business and government leaders also consider the inflation rate to be an important general indicator. Inflation is a period of increased spending that causes rapid rises in prices._______(51)
your money buys fewer goods so that you get_______(52)for the same amount of money as before,inflation is the problem. There is a general rise_______(53)the price of goods and services.Your money buys less.Sometimes people describe inflation as a time when"a dollar is not worth a dollar anymore".
Inflation is a problem for all consumers.People who live on a fixed income are hurt the _______(54).Retired people,for instance,cannot count on an increase in income as prices rise. Elderly people who do not work face serious problems in stretching their incomes to_______(55) their needs in time of inflation.Retirement income_______(56)any fixed income usually does not rise as fast as prices.Many retired people must cut their spending to_______(57)rising prices.In many cases they must stop_______(58)some necessary items,such as food and clothing. Even _______(59)working people whose incomes are going up,inflation can be a problem. The_______(60)of living goes up,too. People who work must have even more money to keep up their standard of living. Just buying the things they need costs more.When incomes do not keep _______(61)with rising prices,the standard of living goes down.People may be earning the same amount of money,but they are not living as well because they are not able to buy as many goods and services.
Government units gather information about prices in our economy and publish it as price indexes _______(62)the rate of change can be determined.A price index measures changes in prices using the price for a_______(63)year as the base.The base price is set at 100,and the other prices are reported as a_______(64)of the base price.A price index makes_______(65)possible to compare current prices of typical consumer goods,for example,with prices of the same goods in previous years.
_________(54)
A:best
B:lease
C:most
D:worst
共用题干
An Intelligent Car
Driving needs sharp eyes, keen ears, quick brain, and coordination（协调）between
hands and the brain.Many human drivers have all_________(1)and can control a fast
-moving car. But how does an intelligent car control itself?
There is a virtual（虚拟的）driver in the smart car. This virtual driver has "eyes",
"brains","hands"and"feet",too.The minicameras_________(2)each side of the
car are his"eyes",which_________(3)the road conditions ahead of it.They watch
the_________(4)to the car's left and right.There is also a highly automatic driving
_________(5)in the car. It is the built-in computer,which is the virtual driver's
"brain".His"brain"_________(6)the speeds of other moving cars near it and
analyzes their positions.Basing on this information,it chooses the_________(7)path
for the intelligent car,and gives instructions to the"hands"and"feet"to act accordingly.
In this way,the virtual driver_________(8)his car.
What is the virtual driver's best advantage?He reacts_________(9).The
minicameras are bringing_________(10)continuously to the"brain".It completes the
processing of the images within 100 milliseconds._________(11),the world's best
driver needs at least one second to react.Besides,when he takes_________(12),he
needs one more second.
The virtual driver is really wonderful.He can reduce the accident_________(13)
considerably on expressways（高速公路）.In this_________(14),can we let him have
the wheel at any time and in any place?Experts_________(15)that we cannot do that
just yet.His ability to recognize things is still limited.He can now only drive an intelligent
car on expressways.
_________(8)
A:stops
B:finds
C:controls
D:selects
An Intelligent Car
Driving needs sharp eyes, keen ears, quick brain, and coordination（协调）between
hands and the brain.Many human drivers have all_________(1)and can control a fast
-moving car. But how does an intelligent car control itself?
There is a virtual（虚拟的）driver in the smart car. This virtual driver has "eyes",
"brains","hands"and"feet",too.The minicameras_________(2)each side of the
car are his"eyes",which_________(3)the road conditions ahead of it.They watch
the_________(4)to the car's left and right.There is also a highly automatic driving
_________(5)in the car. It is the built-in computer,which is the virtual driver's
"brain".His"brain"_________(6)the speeds of other moving cars near it and
analyzes their positions.Basing on this information,it chooses the_________(7)path
for the intelligent car,and gives instructions to the"hands"and"feet"to act accordingly.
In this way,the virtual driver_________(8)his car.
What is the virtual driver's best advantage?He reacts_________(9).The
minicameras are bringing_________(10)continuously to the"brain".It completes the
processing of the images within 100 milliseconds._________(11),the world's best
driver needs at least one second to react.Besides,when he takes_________(12),he
needs one more second.
The virtual driver is really wonderful.He can reduce the accident_________(13)
considerably on expressways（高速公路）.In this_________(14),can we let him have
the wheel at any time and in any place?Experts_________(15)that we cannot do that
just yet.His ability to recognize things is still limited.He can now only drive an intelligent
car on expressways.
_________(8)
A:stops
B:finds
C:controls
D:selects
共用题干
Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out
Your cell phone holds secrets about you.Besides the names and________(51)that you'ye pro-
grammed into it,traces of your DNA linger on the device,according to a new study.
DNA is genetic material that_________(52)in every cell.Like your fingerprint, your DNA is unique
to you一_______(53)you have an identical twin.Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood,
saliva,or hair left__________(54)at the scene of a crime.The results often help detectives identify
________(55)and their victims.Your cell phone can reveal more about you ________(56)you might
think.
Meghan J.McFadden,a scientist at McMaster University in Hamilton,Ontario,heard about a crime in
which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the_________(57).This made her wonder
whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones even when no blood was involved._________(58)she and
colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New York analyzed the flip一open phones of 10 volun-
teers.They used swabs to collect__________( 59)traces of the users from two parts of the phone:the
outside,where the user holds it,and the_________(60),which is placed at the user's ear.
The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly________(61)alcohol.The aim of
washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA.The owners got their phones__________(62)for
another week.Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once
more。
The scientists discovered DNA that
_________ (63)to the phone's speaker on each of the phones.
Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone,but those swabs also picked up DNA that be-
longed to other people who had apparently also handled the phone.________(64),DNA showed up even
in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed.That suggests that washing won't remove
all traces of evidence from a criminal's device.So cell phones can now be added to the.__________(65)of clues
that can clinch a crime-scene investigation.
_________(55)
A:criminals
B:people
C:men
D: policemen
Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out
Your cell phone holds secrets about you.Besides the names and________(51)that you'ye pro-
grammed into it,traces of your DNA linger on the device,according to a new study.
DNA is genetic material that_________(52)in every cell.Like your fingerprint, your DNA is unique
to you一_______(53)you have an identical twin.Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood,
saliva,or hair left__________(54)at the scene of a crime.The results often help detectives identify
________(55)and their victims.Your cell phone can reveal more about you ________(56)you might
think.
Meghan J.McFadden,a scientist at McMaster University in Hamilton,Ontario,heard about a crime in
which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the_________(57).This made her wonder
whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones even when no blood was involved._________(58)she and
colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New York analyzed the flip一open phones of 10 volun-
teers.They used swabs to collect__________( 59)traces of the users from two parts of the phone:the
outside,where the user holds it,and the_________(60),which is placed at the user's ear.
The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly________(61)alcohol.The aim of
washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA.The owners got their phones__________(62)for
another week.Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once
more。
The scientists discovered DNA that
_________ (63)to the phone's speaker on each of the phones.
Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone,but those swabs also picked up DNA that be-
longed to other people who had apparently also handled the phone.________(64),DNA showed up even
in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed.That suggests that washing won't remove
all traces of evidence from a criminal's device.So cell phones can now be added to the.__________(65)of clues
that can clinch a crime-scene investigation.
_________(55)
A:criminals
B:people
C:men
D: policemen
共用题干
Cell Phones
I Believe it or not,cell phones have been around for over a quarter of a century.The first commercial
cell phone systemfl was developed by the Japancoc in I 979.But cell phones have changed a lot
since that
time.The early cell phones were big and heavy but they have developed into small and light palm-sized mod-
els.There have been huge (lcveloprnents in their functions,too;we have had call forwarding,text messaging,
answering services and hands-free use for years,but now there are countless new facilities,su,ch as instant ac-
cess to the Internet and receiving and sending photos.
2 Cell phones have become very common in our lives;recent statistics suggest as many as one in three
people cii the planet now have a cell phone,and most of them say they couldn't live without one.Cell phones
are used in every area of our lives and have become a necessary tool,used for essential arrangements,social
contact and business.They have made it easier to call for help on the highway.They have made it possible to
keep in touch with people"on the move”一when people are traveling.
3 Cell phones have made communication easier and have reduced the need for family arguments.We
can use cell phones to let our family know we'11 be late or if there’。a sudden change of tian or an emergen-
cy.Cell phones have eased the worries of millions of parents when their teenagers are out late,they can now
contact their children at any time.
4 This does not mean that cell phones are all good news.They have brought with them a number of
new headaches for their owners;it costs a lot to replace stolen phones,something that is becoming a frequent
occurrence,and have you ever seen such huge phone bills? More serious,however,is the potential health
problem they bring:there are fears that radiation from the phones may cause brain tumor（肿瘤）.This may be
a time bomb waiting to happen to younger people who have grown up with cell phones that they simply can't
live without!
Paragraph 2_________
A:Cell Phones and the Family
B:Commercial Cell Phone Systems
C:Cell Phones in Everyday Life
D:Cell Phones for Teenagers
E:History of Cell Phones
F:Problems with Cell Phones
Cell Phones
I Believe it or not,cell phones have been around for over a quarter of a century.The first commercial
cell phone systemfl was developed by the Japancoc in I 979.But cell phones have changed a lot
since that
time.The early cell phones were big and heavy but they have developed into small and light palm-sized mod-
els.There have been huge (lcveloprnents in their functions,too;we have had call forwarding,text messaging,
answering services and hands-free use for years,but now there are countless new facilities,su,ch as instant ac-
cess to the Internet and receiving and sending photos.
2 Cell phones have become very common in our lives;recent statistics suggest as many as one in three
people cii the planet now have a cell phone,and most of them say they couldn't live without one.Cell phones
are used in every area of our lives and have become a necessary tool,used for essential arrangements,social
contact and business.They have made it easier to call for help on the highway.They have made it possible to
keep in touch with people"on the move”一when people are traveling.
3 Cell phones have made communication easier and have reduced the need for family arguments.We
can use cell phones to let our family know we'11 be late or if there’。a sudden change of tian or an emergen-
cy.Cell phones have eased the worries of millions of parents when their teenagers are out late,they can now
contact their children at any time.
4 This does not mean that cell phones are all good news.They have brought with them a number of
new headaches for their owners;it costs a lot to replace stolen phones,something that is becoming a frequent
occurrence,and have you ever seen such huge phone bills? More serious,however,is the potential health
problem they bring:there are fears that radiation from the phones may cause brain tumor（肿瘤）.This may be
a time bomb waiting to happen to younger people who have grown up with cell phones that they simply can't
live without!
Paragraph 2_________
A:Cell Phones and the Family
B:Commercial Cell Phone Systems
C:Cell Phones in Everyday Life
D:Cell Phones for Teenagers
E:History of Cell Phones
F:Problems with Cell Phones