共用题干
Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters
It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to1people frequently. But these fish perform a2service for earth's waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing are threatening their3.Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from4.
Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas5their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas,6people also swim. In fact,most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person7a sea animal,such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up.Those are the8 when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.
A shark has an extremely good sense of smell. It can find small amounts of substances in wa-ter,such as blood,body liquids and9 produced by animals. These powerful10help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish,any11sharks,and plants that live in the ocean.
Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense,and immune 12against disease. Researchers know that sharks13quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.
Sharks are important for the world's14.They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too15．This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.
6._________
A: whose
B: which
C: that
D: where
Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters
It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to1people frequently. But these fish perform a2service for earth's waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing are threatening their3.Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from4.
Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas5their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas,6people also swim. In fact,most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person7a sea animal,such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up.Those are the8 when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.
A shark has an extremely good sense of smell. It can find small amounts of substances in wa-ter,such as blood,body liquids and9 produced by animals. These powerful10help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish,any11sharks,and plants that live in the ocean.
Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense,and immune 12against disease. Researchers know that sharks13quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.
Sharks are important for the world's14.They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too15．This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.
6._________
A: whose
B: which
C: that
D: where
共用题干
Mad Scientist Stereotype Outdated Do people still imagine a physicist as a bearded man in glasses or has the image of the mad scientist changed? The Institute of Physics set out to find out whether the stereotype of a physics"boffin"（科学家） still exists by conducting a survey on shoppers in London.The people were asked to identify the physicist from a photograph of a line-up of possible suspects.98 percent of those asked got it wrong.The majority of people picked a white male of around 60,wearing glasses and with a white beard. While this stereotype may have been the image of an average physicist fifty years ago,the reality is now very different.Since 1960 the number of young women entering physics has doubled and the average age of a physicist is now 31. The stereotype of the absent-minded scientist has lasted a long time because the media and Hollywood help promote the image of men in white lab coats with glasses sitting by blackboards full of equations（等式） or working with fizzing（嘶嘶响）test tubes.These stereotypes are really damaging to society.Very good school children are put off studying science because they don't see people like themselves on television or in magazines doing science.They simply don't relate to the media's image of the mad scientist. This is one reason why fewer young people are choosing to do science at university.if we want to encourage more young people to study science subjects,we need to change this image of the scientist and make science careers more attractive.But we must also develop children's interest in science. In an attempt to change this negative image,an increasing number of science festivals are being organized. Thousands of people from secondary schools are also encouraged to take part in nationwide science competitions, of which the most popular are the National Science Olympiads.Winning national teams then get the opportunity to take part in the International Science Olympiads which are held in a different country every year.These events are all interesting for the young people who take part in but they only involve a small proportion of students who are already interested in science.It seems that there is a long way to go before science becomes attractive as subjects like computer studies or fashion and design.
More children will study science if it becomes more attractive.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
Mad Scientist Stereotype Outdated Do people still imagine a physicist as a bearded man in glasses or has the image of the mad scientist changed? The Institute of Physics set out to find out whether the stereotype of a physics"boffin"（科学家） still exists by conducting a survey on shoppers in London.The people were asked to identify the physicist from a photograph of a line-up of possible suspects.98 percent of those asked got it wrong.The majority of people picked a white male of around 60,wearing glasses and with a white beard. While this stereotype may have been the image of an average physicist fifty years ago,the reality is now very different.Since 1960 the number of young women entering physics has doubled and the average age of a physicist is now 31. The stereotype of the absent-minded scientist has lasted a long time because the media and Hollywood help promote the image of men in white lab coats with glasses sitting by blackboards full of equations（等式） or working with fizzing（嘶嘶响）test tubes.These stereotypes are really damaging to society.Very good school children are put off studying science because they don't see people like themselves on television or in magazines doing science.They simply don't relate to the media's image of the mad scientist. This is one reason why fewer young people are choosing to do science at university.if we want to encourage more young people to study science subjects,we need to change this image of the scientist and make science careers more attractive.But we must also develop children's interest in science. In an attempt to change this negative image,an increasing number of science festivals are being organized. Thousands of people from secondary schools are also encouraged to take part in nationwide science competitions, of which the most popular are the National Science Olympiads.Winning national teams then get the opportunity to take part in the International Science Olympiads which are held in a different country every year.These events are all interesting for the young people who take part in but they only involve a small proportion of students who are already interested in science.It seems that there is a long way to go before science becomes attractive as subjects like computer studies or fashion and design.
More children will study science if it becomes more attractive.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
共用题干
Thirst for Oil
Worldwide every day,we devour the energy equivalent of about 200 million barrels of oil. Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun. In fact enough energy from the Sun hits the planet's surface each minute to cover our needs for an entire year,we just need to find an efficient way to use it. So far the energy in oil has been cheaper and easier to get at. But as supplies dwindle,this will change,and we will need to cure our addiction to oil.
Burning wood satisfied most energy needs until the steam-driven industrial revolution,when energy-dense coal became the fuel of choice. Coal is still used,mostly in power sta-tions,to cover one quarter of our energy needs,but its use has been declining since we star-ted pumping up oil. Coal is the least efficient,unhealthiest and most environmentally dama-ging fossil fuel,but could make a comeback,as supplies are still plentiful:its reserves are five times larger than oil's.
Today petroleum,a mineral oil obtained from below the surface of the Earth and used to produce petrol,diesel oil and various other chemical substances,provides around 40% of the world's energy needs,mostly fuelling automobiles. The US consumes a quarter of all oil,and generates a similar proportion of greenhouse gas emissions.
The majority of oil comes from the Middle East,which has half of known reserves. But other significant sources include Russia,North America,Norway,Venezuela and the North Sea. Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge could be a major new US source,to reduce reliance on foreign imports.
Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years,though opinions and estimates vary. We could fast reach an energy crisis in the next few decades, when demand exceeds supply. As conventional reserves become more difficult to access,oth-ers such as oil shales and tar sands may be used instead. Petrol could also be obtained from coal.
Since we started using fossil fuels,we have released 400 billion tonnes of carbon,and burning the entire reserves could eventually raise world temperatures by 13℃ .Among other horrors,this would result in the destruction of all rainforests and the melting of all
Arctic ice.
What do experts say about the earth's fuel reserves?
A: The earth's fuel reserves will be accessible for the next 50 years.
B: There will soon be an energy crisis.
C: Conventional reserves will soon become inaccessible.
D: Fuel demand will decline.
Thirst for Oil
Worldwide every day,we devour the energy equivalent of about 200 million barrels of oil. Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun. In fact enough energy from the Sun hits the planet's surface each minute to cover our needs for an entire year,we just need to find an efficient way to use it. So far the energy in oil has been cheaper and easier to get at. But as supplies dwindle,this will change,and we will need to cure our addiction to oil.
Burning wood satisfied most energy needs until the steam-driven industrial revolution,when energy-dense coal became the fuel of choice. Coal is still used,mostly in power sta-tions,to cover one quarter of our energy needs,but its use has been declining since we star-ted pumping up oil. Coal is the least efficient,unhealthiest and most environmentally dama-ging fossil fuel,but could make a comeback,as supplies are still plentiful:its reserves are five times larger than oil's.
Today petroleum,a mineral oil obtained from below the surface of the Earth and used to produce petrol,diesel oil and various other chemical substances,provides around 40% of the world's energy needs,mostly fuelling automobiles. The US consumes a quarter of all oil,and generates a similar proportion of greenhouse gas emissions.
The majority of oil comes from the Middle East,which has half of known reserves. But other significant sources include Russia,North America,Norway,Venezuela and the North Sea. Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge could be a major new US source,to reduce reliance on foreign imports.
Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years,though opinions and estimates vary. We could fast reach an energy crisis in the next few decades, when demand exceeds supply. As conventional reserves become more difficult to access,oth-ers such as oil shales and tar sands may be used instead. Petrol could also be obtained from coal.
Since we started using fossil fuels,we have released 400 billion tonnes of carbon,and burning the entire reserves could eventually raise world temperatures by 13℃ .Among other horrors,this would result in the destruction of all rainforests and the melting of all
Arctic ice.
What do experts say about the earth's fuel reserves?
A: The earth's fuel reserves will be accessible for the next 50 years.
B: There will soon be an energy crisis.
C: Conventional reserves will soon become inaccessible.
D: Fuel demand will decline.
共用题干
1.Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures,especially human beings,have their peculiarities,but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual.What else can be said about a bizarre animal that,among other eccentricities, eats mud,feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods,and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?
2.For some fifty million years,despite all its eccentricities,the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud.It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet,under rocks in shallow water,or on the surface of mud flats.Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.
3.Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors,ranging from black to reddish brown to sand color and nearly white.One form even has vivid purple tentacles.Usually the creatures are cucumber shaped一hence their name一and because they are typically rock inhabitants,this shape,combined with flexibility,enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.
4.Although they have voracious appetites,eating day and night,sea cucumbers have the capacity to become quiescent and live at a low metabolic rate feeding sparingly or not at all for long periods,so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply.If it were not for this faculty,they would devour all the food available in a short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.
5.But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs,when attacked,it squirts all its internal organs into water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles.The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched;it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or if the water becomes too polluted.
Paragraph 2______
A:How Sea Cucumbers Defend Themselves.
B:Places Where Sea Cucumbers Live.
C:Eccentricities of Sea Cucumbers.
D:Favorite Food of Sea Cucumbers.
E:Eating Habits of Sea Cucumbers.
F:Color and Shape of Sea Cucumbers.
1.Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures,especially human beings,have their peculiarities,but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual.What else can be said about a bizarre animal that,among other eccentricities, eats mud,feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods,and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?
2.For some fifty million years,despite all its eccentricities,the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud.It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet,under rocks in shallow water,or on the surface of mud flats.Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.
3.Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors,ranging from black to reddish brown to sand color and nearly white.One form even has vivid purple tentacles.Usually the creatures are cucumber shaped一hence their name一and because they are typically rock inhabitants,this shape,combined with flexibility,enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.
4.Although they have voracious appetites,eating day and night,sea cucumbers have the capacity to become quiescent and live at a low metabolic rate feeding sparingly or not at all for long periods,so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply.If it were not for this faculty,they would devour all the food available in a short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.
5.But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs,when attacked,it squirts all its internal organs into water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles.The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched;it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or if the water becomes too polluted.
Paragraph 2______
A:How Sea Cucumbers Defend Themselves.
B:Places Where Sea Cucumbers Live.
C:Eccentricities of Sea Cucumbers.
D:Favorite Food of Sea Cucumbers.
E:Eating Habits of Sea Cucumbers.
F:Color and Shape of Sea Cucumbers.
共用题干
第一篇
Rising College Selectivity
Rising college selectivity doesn't mean that students are smarter and more serious than in the past.It's a function of excess demand for higher education,occurring at a time of increased financial privatization of the industry.
The recession has only increased demand.The vast majority of students aren't going to college because of a thirst for knowledge.They're there because they need a job,and they need to get the credentials（证书）and one hopes, the knowledge and skills behind the credentials一that will get them into the labor market.
As higher education has become a seller's market,the institutions in a position to do so are doing what comes naturally:raising their tuitions and their admissions requirements,but at the expense of contributing to the national goal to increase college attainment.The result is that the United States is losing ground in the international race for educational talent.
The increasing stratification（阶层化）of higher education is happening on the spending side, as well.As the selective institutions have become more expensive and less attainable,the rest have had to struggle with the responsibility to enroll more students without being paid to do so.Gaps be-tween rich and poor have grown even more dramatically than gaps in entering test scores.While spending is a poor measure of educational quality,we can't seriously expect to increase educational attainment if we're not prepared to do something to address these growing inequities in funding.
That said,the educational policy problem in our country is not that the elite institutions are becoming more selective.The problem is on the public policy side.The president and many governors have set a goal to return America to a position of international leadership in educational attainment.
It's the right goal,we just need a financing strategy to get there.That doesn't mean just more money,although some more money will be needed.It also means better attention to effectiveness and to efficiency,and to making sure that spending goes to the places that will make a difference in educational attainment.We know how to do it,if we want to.
The demand for higher education has increased because________.
A:the number of students keeps growing
B:there is a boost in the labor market
C:of the rising college selectivity
D:of the economic depression
第一篇
Rising College Selectivity
Rising college selectivity doesn't mean that students are smarter and more serious than in the past.It's a function of excess demand for higher education,occurring at a time of increased financial privatization of the industry.
The recession has only increased demand.The vast majority of students aren't going to college because of a thirst for knowledge.They're there because they need a job,and they need to get the credentials（证书）and one hopes, the knowledge and skills behind the credentials一that will get them into the labor market.
As higher education has become a seller's market,the institutions in a position to do so are doing what comes naturally:raising their tuitions and their admissions requirements,but at the expense of contributing to the national goal to increase college attainment.The result is that the United States is losing ground in the international race for educational talent.
The increasing stratification（阶层化）of higher education is happening on the spending side, as well.As the selective institutions have become more expensive and less attainable,the rest have had to struggle with the responsibility to enroll more students without being paid to do so.Gaps be-tween rich and poor have grown even more dramatically than gaps in entering test scores.While spending is a poor measure of educational quality,we can't seriously expect to increase educational attainment if we're not prepared to do something to address these growing inequities in funding.
That said,the educational policy problem in our country is not that the elite institutions are becoming more selective.The problem is on the public policy side.The president and many governors have set a goal to return America to a position of international leadership in educational attainment.
It's the right goal,we just need a financing strategy to get there.That doesn't mean just more money,although some more money will be needed.It also means better attention to effectiveness and to efficiency,and to making sure that spending goes to the places that will make a difference in educational attainment.We know how to do it,if we want to.
The demand for higher education has increased because________.
A:the number of students keeps growing
B:there is a boost in the labor market
C:of the rising college selectivity
D:of the economic depression
共用题干
第三篇
Hurricane（飓风）Katrina
A hurricane is a fiercely powerful , rotating（旋转的）form of tropical storm that can be 124 to 1,240 miles in diameter. The term hurricane is derived from Hurican,the name of a native American storm god.Hurricanes are typical of a calm central region of low pressure between 12 to 60 miles in diameter,known as the eye.They occur in tropical regions.Over its lifetime,one of these can release as much energy as 10,000 nuclear bombs.
The seed for hurricane formation is a cluster（聚集）of thunderstorm over warm tropical waters. Hurricanes can only form and be fed when the sea一surface temperature exceeds 27℃and the surrounding atmosphere is calm. These requirements are met between June and November in the northern part of the world.
Under these conditions, large quantities of water evaporate (蒸发）and condense（冷凝）into clouds and rain一releasing heat in the process.It is this heat energy,combined with the rotation of the Earth,that drives a hurricane.
When the warm column of air from the sea surface first begins to rise,it causes an area of low pressure.This in turn creates wind as air is drawn into the area. This spinning wind drags up more moist air from the sea surface in a process that strengthens the storm. Cold air falls back to the ocean surface through the eye and on the outside of the storm.
Initially,when wind speeds reach 23 miles per hour,these mild,wet and grey weather systems are known as depressions,or low air pressure.Hurricane Katrina formed in this way over the south-eastern Bahamas on 23 August 2005.Katrina has had a devastating impact on the Gulf Coast of the U.S.,leaving a disaster zone of 90,000 square miles in its wake（尾迹）—almost the size of the U.K.Thousands have been killed or injured and more than half a million people have become homeless in a humanitarian（人道主义的）crisis of a scale not seen in the U. S. since the Great Depression.The cost of the damage may top$100 billion.
Which of the following is NOT a"requirement"for the formation of a hurricane?
A:Calm surrounding atmosphere.
B:High air pressure.
C:Warm sea-surface temperature.
D:A group of thunderstorms over warm tropical waters.
第三篇
Hurricane（飓风）Katrina
A hurricane is a fiercely powerful , rotating（旋转的）form of tropical storm that can be 124 to 1,240 miles in diameter. The term hurricane is derived from Hurican,the name of a native American storm god.Hurricanes are typical of a calm central region of low pressure between 12 to 60 miles in diameter,known as the eye.They occur in tropical regions.Over its lifetime,one of these can release as much energy as 10,000 nuclear bombs.
The seed for hurricane formation is a cluster（聚集）of thunderstorm over warm tropical waters. Hurricanes can only form and be fed when the sea一surface temperature exceeds 27℃and the surrounding atmosphere is calm. These requirements are met between June and November in the northern part of the world.
Under these conditions, large quantities of water evaporate (蒸发）and condense（冷凝）into clouds and rain一releasing heat in the process.It is this heat energy,combined with the rotation of the Earth,that drives a hurricane.
When the warm column of air from the sea surface first begins to rise,it causes an area of low pressure.This in turn creates wind as air is drawn into the area. This spinning wind drags up more moist air from the sea surface in a process that strengthens the storm. Cold air falls back to the ocean surface through the eye and on the outside of the storm.
Initially,when wind speeds reach 23 miles per hour,these mild,wet and grey weather systems are known as depressions,or low air pressure.Hurricane Katrina formed in this way over the south-eastern Bahamas on 23 August 2005.Katrina has had a devastating impact on the Gulf Coast of the U.S.,leaving a disaster zone of 90,000 square miles in its wake（尾迹）—almost the size of the U.K.Thousands have been killed or injured and more than half a million people have become homeless in a humanitarian（人道主义的）crisis of a scale not seen in the U. S. since the Great Depression.The cost of the damage may top$100 billion.
Which of the following is NOT a"requirement"for the formation of a hurricane?
A:Calm surrounding atmosphere.
B:High air pressure.
C:Warm sea-surface temperature.
D:A group of thunderstorms over warm tropical waters.
共用题干
Look After Your Voice
Often speakers at a meeting experience dry mouths and ask for a glass of water. You can solve the
problem by activating the saliva in your mouth.First gently bite the edges of your tongue with your teeth.Or,
press your entire tongue to the bottom of your mouth and hold it there until the saliva flow. Or you can
imagine that you are slicing a big juicy lemon and sucking the juice.
Before you begin your talk,be kind to your voice.Avoid milk or creamy drinks which coat your throat.
Keep your throat wet by drinking a little sweetened warm tea or diluted fruit juice.
If you sense that you are losing your voice,stop talking completely.Save your voice for your speech.You
may feel foolish using paper to write notes,but the best thing you can do is to rest your voice.If you need to
see a doctor.perhaps you can get some advice from a orofessional singer. In the meantime,do not even talk in
a low voice.
What about drinking alcohol to wet your throat?I advise you not to touch alcohol before speaking.The
problem with alcohol is that one drink gives you a little confidence.The second drink gives you even more
confidence.Finally you will feel all-powerful and you will feel you can do everything,but in fact your brain
and your mouth do not work together properly.Save the alcohol until after you finish speaking.
Perhaps you want to accept the advice, but you may wonder if you can ever change the habits of a
lifetime.Of course you can.Goethe,who lived before indoor skating rinks or swimming pools,said,"We learn
to skate in the summer and swim in the winter."Take this message to heart and give yourself time to develop
your new habits.If you are willing to change,you will soon be able. to say that you will never forget these
techniques because they became a part of your body.
The writer cites Goethe to prove that one can change one's habits.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
Look After Your Voice
Often speakers at a meeting experience dry mouths and ask for a glass of water. You can solve the
problem by activating the saliva in your mouth.First gently bite the edges of your tongue with your teeth.Or,
press your entire tongue to the bottom of your mouth and hold it there until the saliva flow. Or you can
imagine that you are slicing a big juicy lemon and sucking the juice.
Before you begin your talk,be kind to your voice.Avoid milk or creamy drinks which coat your throat.
Keep your throat wet by drinking a little sweetened warm tea or diluted fruit juice.
If you sense that you are losing your voice,stop talking completely.Save your voice for your speech.You
may feel foolish using paper to write notes,but the best thing you can do is to rest your voice.If you need to
see a doctor.perhaps you can get some advice from a orofessional singer. In the meantime,do not even talk in
a low voice.
What about drinking alcohol to wet your throat?I advise you not to touch alcohol before speaking.The
problem with alcohol is that one drink gives you a little confidence.The second drink gives you even more
confidence.Finally you will feel all-powerful and you will feel you can do everything,but in fact your brain
and your mouth do not work together properly.Save the alcohol until after you finish speaking.
Perhaps you want to accept the advice, but you may wonder if you can ever change the habits of a
lifetime.Of course you can.Goethe,who lived before indoor skating rinks or swimming pools,said,"We learn
to skate in the summer and swim in the winter."Take this message to heart and give yourself time to develop
your new habits.If you are willing to change,you will soon be able. to say that you will never forget these
techniques because they became a part of your body.
The writer cites Goethe to prove that one can change one's habits.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
Keep your passport in a secure place.
A:special
B:good
C:safe
D:different
A:special
B:good
C:safe
D:different
共用题干
Electronic Mail
During the past few years,scientists all over the world have suddenly found themselves pro-ductively engaged in task they once spent their lives avoiding—writing,any kind of writing,but particularly letter writing. Encouraged by electronic mail's surprisingly high speed,convenience and economy,people who never before touched the stuff are regularly,skillfully,even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.
Electronic networks,woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days,are the route to colleagues in distant countries,shared data,bulletin boards and electronic journals.Any-one with a personal computer,a modern and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on.An estimated five million scientists have done so with more joining every day,most of them communicating through a bundle of interconnected domestic and foreign routes known col-lectively as the Internet,or net.
E-mail is starting to edge out the fax,the telephone,overnight mail,and of course,land mail.It shrinks time and distance between scientific collaborators,in part because it is conven-iently asynchronous（异步的）( Writer can type while their colleagues across time zones sleep; their message will be waiting.).If it is not yet speeding discoveries,it is certainly accelerating communication.
Jeremy Bernstein,the physicist and science writer,once called E-mail the physicist's umbili-cal cord（脐带）.Later other people,too,have been discovering its connective virtues. Physi-cists are using it;college students are using it;everybody is using it;and as a sign that it has come of age,the New Yorker has celebrated its liberating presence with a cartoon—an apprecia-tive dog seated at a keyboard,saying happily,“on the Internet,nobody knows you're a dog.”
The reasons given below about the popularity of E-mail can be found in the passage except
A: direct and reliable
B: time-saving in delivery
C: money-saving
D: available at any time
Electronic Mail
During the past few years,scientists all over the world have suddenly found themselves pro-ductively engaged in task they once spent their lives avoiding—writing,any kind of writing,but particularly letter writing. Encouraged by electronic mail's surprisingly high speed,convenience and economy,people who never before touched the stuff are regularly,skillfully,even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.
Electronic networks,woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days,are the route to colleagues in distant countries,shared data,bulletin boards and electronic journals.Any-one with a personal computer,a modern and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on.An estimated five million scientists have done so with more joining every day,most of them communicating through a bundle of interconnected domestic and foreign routes known col-lectively as the Internet,or net.
E-mail is starting to edge out the fax,the telephone,overnight mail,and of course,land mail.It shrinks time and distance between scientific collaborators,in part because it is conven-iently asynchronous（异步的）( Writer can type while their colleagues across time zones sleep; their message will be waiting.).If it is not yet speeding discoveries,it is certainly accelerating communication.
Jeremy Bernstein,the physicist and science writer,once called E-mail the physicist's umbili-cal cord（脐带）.Later other people,too,have been discovering its connective virtues. Physi-cists are using it;college students are using it;everybody is using it;and as a sign that it has come of age,the New Yorker has celebrated its liberating presence with a cartoon—an apprecia-tive dog seated at a keyboard,saying happily,“on the Internet,nobody knows you're a dog.”
The reasons given below about the popularity of E-mail can be found in the passage except
A: direct and reliable
B: time-saving in delivery
C: money-saving
D: available at any time
共用题干
第一篇
A Sunshade（遮阳伞）for the Planet
Even with the best will in the world,reducing our carbon emissions is not going to prevent global warming. It has become clear that even if we take the most strong measures to control emissions, the uncertainties in our climate models still leave open the possibility of extreme warming and rises in sea level. At the same time,resistance by governments and special interest groups makes it quite possible that the actions suggested by climate scientists might not be implemented soon enough.
Fortunately,if the worst comes to the worst,scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves. For the most part they have strongly resisted discussing these options for fear of inviting a sense of complacency that might thwart efforts to tackle the root of the problem. Until now,that is a growing number of researchers are taking a fresh look at large-scale"geoengineering"projects that might be used to counteract global warming."I use the analogy of methadone,"says Stephen Schneider,a climate researcher at Stanford University in California who was among the first to draw attention to global warming."If you have a heroin addict,the correct treatment is hospitalization,and a long rehab. But if they absolutely refuse,methadone is better than heroin."
Basically the idea is to apply"sunscreen"to the whole planet. One astronomer has come up with a radical plan to cool Earth:launch trillions of feather-light discs into space,where they would form a vast cloud that would block the sun's rays.It's controversial,but recent studies suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the Earth's surface to counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect. Global climate models show that blocking just 1.8 percent of the incident energy in the sun's rays would cancel out the warming effects produced by a doubling of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.That could be crucial,because even the most severe emissions control measures being proposed would leave us with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century,and that would last for at least a century more.
According to the first two paragraphs,the author thinks that______.
A:strong measures have been taken by the government to prevent global warming
B:It is impossible to prevent global warming by reducing carbon emissions
C:despite the difficulty,scientists have some options to prevent global warming
D:actions suggested by scientists will never be realized
第一篇
A Sunshade（遮阳伞）for the Planet
Even with the best will in the world,reducing our carbon emissions is not going to prevent global warming. It has become clear that even if we take the most strong measures to control emissions, the uncertainties in our climate models still leave open the possibility of extreme warming and rises in sea level. At the same time,resistance by governments and special interest groups makes it quite possible that the actions suggested by climate scientists might not be implemented soon enough.
Fortunately,if the worst comes to the worst,scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves. For the most part they have strongly resisted discussing these options for fear of inviting a sense of complacency that might thwart efforts to tackle the root of the problem. Until now,that is a growing number of researchers are taking a fresh look at large-scale"geoengineering"projects that might be used to counteract global warming."I use the analogy of methadone,"says Stephen Schneider,a climate researcher at Stanford University in California who was among the first to draw attention to global warming."If you have a heroin addict,the correct treatment is hospitalization,and a long rehab. But if they absolutely refuse,methadone is better than heroin."
Basically the idea is to apply"sunscreen"to the whole planet. One astronomer has come up with a radical plan to cool Earth:launch trillions of feather-light discs into space,where they would form a vast cloud that would block the sun's rays.It's controversial,but recent studies suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the Earth's surface to counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect. Global climate models show that blocking just 1.8 percent of the incident energy in the sun's rays would cancel out the warming effects produced by a doubling of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.That could be crucial,because even the most severe emissions control measures being proposed would leave us with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century,and that would last for at least a century more.
According to the first two paragraphs,the author thinks that______.
A:strong measures have been taken by the government to prevent global warming
B:It is impossible to prevent global warming by reducing carbon emissions
C:despite the difficulty,scientists have some options to prevent global warming
D:actions suggested by scientists will never be realized
共用题干
First Image-recognition Software
1. Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before.
2. The new system,which was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos,shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm（运算法则）for image recognition and retrieval is ac-curate and efficient enough to improve large-scale document searches online.The system uses pix- el（像素）data in images and potentially video—rather than just text-to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned（收集)from those results can then be ap-plied to other photos without tags or captions（图片说明）,making for more accurate document search results.
3 .“Over the last 30 years,”says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a co-author of the stud-
“the Web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern,massive, fast-growing multimedia data set,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a person looks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist（主旨）of it by looking at the pictures in it.Yet,surprisingly,all existing popular search engines,such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pix-els to improve document search.”
The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system—a type of artificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed—that extracts semantic（语义的）information from the pixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval.The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries（查询）on a database of 50 million Web pa-ges.They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages .They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text.
The new system was found more effective in document search than the_______.
A:using photos
B: description of the HTML page
C: current popular search engines
D: document search
E: information in images
F: machine vision systems
First Image-recognition Software
1. Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before.
2. The new system,which was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos,shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm（运算法则）for image recognition and retrieval is ac-curate and efficient enough to improve large-scale document searches online.The system uses pix- el（像素）data in images and potentially video—rather than just text-to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned（收集)from those results can then be ap-plied to other photos without tags or captions（图片说明）,making for more accurate document search results.
3 .“Over the last 30 years,”says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a co-author of the stud-
“the Web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern,massive, fast-growing multimedia data set,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a person looks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist（主旨）of it by looking at the pictures in it.Yet,surprisingly,all existing popular search engines,such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pix-els to improve document search.”
The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system—a type of artificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed—that extracts semantic（语义的）information from the pixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval.The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries（查询）on a database of 50 million Web pa-ges.They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages .They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text.
The new system was found more effective in document search than the_______.
A:using photos
B: description of the HTML page
C: current popular search engines
D: document search
E: information in images
F: machine vision systems
共用题干
More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing
1 Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known,new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.
2 Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep,as well as a number of other sleep problems,than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling re-freshed after a night's sleep than 8-hour sleepers.
3 These findings,which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,demonstrate that people who want to get a good night's rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night.He added that“it might be a good idea” for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed,but cau-tioned that more research is needed to confirm this.
4 Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep一for instance,one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.
5 For the current report,Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep ques-tionaires,in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night,arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep,and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning.
6 Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more like-ly to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence,he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed.“It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed,then they'll spend a higher percentage of time awake.”he said.
Paragraph 5______
A: Kripke's Research
B: Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep
C: Criticism on Kripke's Report
D: A way of Overcoming Insomnia
E: Sleep Problems of Long and Short Sleepers
F: Classification of Sleep Problems
More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing
1 Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known,new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.
2 Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep,as well as a number of other sleep problems,than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling re-freshed after a night's sleep than 8-hour sleepers.
3 These findings,which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,demonstrate that people who want to get a good night's rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night.He added that“it might be a good idea” for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed,but cau-tioned that more research is needed to confirm this.
4 Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep一for instance,one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.
5 For the current report,Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep ques-tionaires,in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night,arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep,and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning.
6 Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more like-ly to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence,he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed.“It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed,then they'll spend a higher percentage of time awake.”he said.
Paragraph 5______
A: Kripke's Research
B: Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep
C: Criticism on Kripke's Report
D: A way of Overcoming Insomnia
E: Sleep Problems of Long and Short Sleepers
F: Classification of Sleep Problems
We should not sacrifice environmental protections to foster economic growth.
A:reduce
B:promote
C:realize
D:give
A:reduce
B:promote
C:realize
D:give
Tonight 's live coverage of the hockey（曲棍球）game is very wonderful.
A:barrage
B:orphanage
C:reportage
D:usage
A:barrage
B:orphanage
C:reportage
D:usage
共用题干
A Doctor in the House
Brushing your teeth twice a day should keep the dentist away. But if a group of scientific researchers have their wish,it will make the rest of your body healthy too.______(1)It is one of many gadgets（小装置）proposed by engineers and doctors at the Center for Future Health in New York一others include a pair of glasses that help to jog your memory,and a home camera designed to check for cancer.
The devices seem fanciful,but the basic principles are simple. The gadgets should make it easy for people to detect illness long before it strikes and so seek treatment far earlier than normal.______(2)In the long run,the technology may even prevent illness by encouraging us to lead healthier lives.
Intelligent bandages（绷带）are a good example. Powerful sensors within the bandage could quickly identify tiny amounts of bacteria in a wound and determine which antibiotics（抗生素）would work best.______(3)
Socks are long overdue for a makeover. In the future they will be able to automatically detect the amount of pressure in your foot and alert you when an ulcer（溃疡）is coming up. All the projects should have far-reaching implications,but the biggest single develop-ment is a melanoma（黑瘤）monitor designed to give early warnings of cancer.______(4)If a problem is found,the system would advise you to get a check-up at your doctor's surgery.
If all this sounds troublesome,then help is at hand.______(5)A standard computer would be able to understand your voice and answer questions about your symptoms in plain
English and in a way which would calm your nerves.
______(2)
A: Experts are also working on a“digital doctor”,complete with a comforting bedside manner.
B: Instead of relying on hi-tech hospitals,the emphasis is shifted to the home and easy- to-use gadgets.
C: The cut could then be treated instantly,so avoiding possible complications.
D: That is going to be the difficult part.
E: The device could be used to take a picture of your body each week,then compare it with previous images.
F: A toothbrush that checks blood sugar and bacteria while you brush is currently in de- velopment in USA.
A Doctor in the House
Brushing your teeth twice a day should keep the dentist away. But if a group of scientific researchers have their wish,it will make the rest of your body healthy too.______(1)It is one of many gadgets（小装置）proposed by engineers and doctors at the Center for Future Health in New York一others include a pair of glasses that help to jog your memory,and a home camera designed to check for cancer.
The devices seem fanciful,but the basic principles are simple. The gadgets should make it easy for people to detect illness long before it strikes and so seek treatment far earlier than normal.______(2)In the long run,the technology may even prevent illness by encouraging us to lead healthier lives.
Intelligent bandages（绷带）are a good example. Powerful sensors within the bandage could quickly identify tiny amounts of bacteria in a wound and determine which antibiotics（抗生素）would work best.______(3)
Socks are long overdue for a makeover. In the future they will be able to automatically detect the amount of pressure in your foot and alert you when an ulcer（溃疡）is coming up. All the projects should have far-reaching implications,but the biggest single develop-ment is a melanoma（黑瘤）monitor designed to give early warnings of cancer.______(4)If a problem is found,the system would advise you to get a check-up at your doctor's surgery.
If all this sounds troublesome,then help is at hand.______(5)A standard computer would be able to understand your voice and answer questions about your symptoms in plain
English and in a way which would calm your nerves.
______(2)
A: Experts are also working on a“digital doctor”,complete with a comforting bedside manner.
B: Instead of relying on hi-tech hospitals,the emphasis is shifted to the home and easy- to-use gadgets.
C: The cut could then be treated instantly,so avoiding possible complications.
D: That is going to be the difficult part.
E: The device could be used to take a picture of your body each week,then compare it with previous images.
F: A toothbrush that checks blood sugar and bacteria while you brush is currently in de- velopment in USA.